Musculoskeletal anatomy

Question 1

What are the long bones in the body

Answer 1

• Femur
• humerus
• tibia
• fibula
• radis
• ulna
• metacarpals
• metatarsaks
• phalanges

Question 2

What are the 3 main regions of a long bone

Answer 2

1. Diaphysis
2. Epiphysis
3. Metaphysis

Question 3

What is a Physis

Answer 3

Growth plate that will fuse together with the bone when it is done growing

Question 4

What is the Periosteum and what does it contain

Answer 4

• Dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone
• contains capillaries and cells for repair and maintence
• contains nerve endings

Question 5

How does the long bone get its nutrience

Answer 5

The nutrient artery

Question 6

What is the inside of the bone called and what does it contain

Answer 6

• Called the medullary canal and is line by the Endosteum ( same thing as the periosteum)
• Contains bone marrow

Question 7

What is Articular cartilage and what does it do

Answer 7

• Coveres the area where long bones connect with other bones
• cushions the bone from damage and wear

Question 8

What are the 2 divsion of the skeleton

Answer 8

Axial skeleton: all the bones from the central part of the body
Appendicular skeleton: all the bones from the upper extremities, lower extremities, pectoral gridle and pelvic girdle

Question 9

What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton:
Upper extremities

Answer 9

• Humerus: forms the upper arm
• Ulna and radis: forms the forearm
• Carpals: wrist bones
• Metacarpals: Hand bones
• ** Phalanges:** (finger bones)

Question 10

What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton:
Pectoral gridle

Answer 10

• 2 scapula: shoulder blade held together by the serratus anterior
• 2 clavicals: collar bones attached to the sterunm
• very vulnerable to injury
• The pectoral girdle joins the upper extremities at the Glenohumeral joint

Question 11

What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton:
Pelvic girdle

Answer 11

• Ischium
• Ilium
• Pubis
• Form together to make the Innomiate bone (hip bone)
• 2 iliac bones: joined posterioly at the sacrum by the Sacroiliac joint
• 2 Pubic bones: (pelvis) joing anterioly by the Pubic symphysis

Question 12

What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton:
Lower extremities

Answer 12

• Femur: Thigh bone
• Head of the femur attaches to Acetabulum of the hip
• attached to the knee via a hinge join
• Tibia: shin bone, Formes the inferior portion of the knee + knee cap (patella)
• Fibula: smalller than the tibia runs posterioly and laterally to the tibia
• makes up the lateral knob of the ankle joing Lateral malleolus
• Tarsals: Ankle bones, larges is the Calcaneous which is the heel bone
• Metatarsals: feetbones
• Phalanges: toe bones

Question 13

What bones are in the Axial skeleton

Answer 13

• Vertebral column
• skull
• ribs
• sternum

Question 14

What is a joint and what is a fused joint

Answer 14

Joint: the point where 2 bones meet
Fused joint: not moveable (joints of the skull)

Question 15

What are the 3 types of joints and describe them

Answer 15

1. Fibrous joints: Synarthroses, made up of dense fibrous tissue that does allow for movement
2. Cartilaginous joints: Amphiarthrose, very minimal movement
3. Synovial joints: Diathroses, most mobile joint

Question 16

Describe the anatomy of a synovial joint (diathroses)

Answer 16

• covered by joint capsule which is an extension of the periosteum
• articular cartilage is inside the joint to provide cushioning and reduce wear and tear
• Synovial memebrane: secretes Synovial fluid that lubricates the joints for painfree movement

Question 17

What are the 6 types of synovial joints (diathroses)

Answer 17

1. Planar joints: allow for gliding movement
2. Hinge joints: slightly rounded end of 1 bone fits into a hollow end of another bone. One bone stays stationary while the other moves
3. Pivot joints: Rounded bone fitting into ring formed by another bone. allows for rotational movement
4. Conclyoid joints (ellipsodial joint): oval shaped bone fitting into a similar shaped bone, allows for angluar movement across 2 planes
5. Saddle joint: ends of bones look like a saddle, allows for angular movement with great motion thann conclyoid joints
6. Ball and socket joint: Round ball like bone that fits into a socket, greatest range of motion all movement types are possible

Question 18

Define origin and insertion

Answer 18

Origin: muscle attachment to a bone that remains immobile during movement
insertion: muscle attachment to bone that moves

Question 19

Define tendon

Answer 19

attachment from muscle to bone

Question 20

Define skeletal muscles

Answer 20

• Largely under voluntary control
• Striated muscles
• connected to the skeleton via tendons

Question 21

How is muscle tissue characterized and what is its function

Answer 21

By its ability to contract
perform voluntary movements
provide structure and protection to the body

Question 22

Define Atrophy and what are the 3 types

Answer 22

Atrophy lose of muscle tissue
1. Physiologic atrophy is caused by not using the muscles enough, can be reversed
2. Pathologic atrophy caused by aging, starvation, and diseases. Sarcopenia is age related atrophy
3. Neurogenic atrophy loss of muscle mass and function that results directly from injury or disease of the peripheral nervous system

Question 23

What is Muscular dystrophy (MD)

Answer 23

Inherited muscular disease which causes progessive degeneration of the muscles
Dystroyed muscle fibers are relaced with fat or connective tissue

Question 24

Hypertrophy vs hyperplasia

Answer 24

**Hypertrophy ** an increase in the size of individual muscle fibers
hyperplasiaan increase in the number of muscle fibers.