Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN 311 > musculoskeletal assessment > Flashcards

musculoskeletal assessment Flashcards

1
Q

msk assessments

A
  • broad term relating to the inter-relationship of muscular strength, power, endurance, flexibility, posture, and balance in health and performance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do msk assessments help with/measure?

A
  • guide/monitor RT programs
  • to isolate weakness, and muscle balance (bilaterally)
  • assess and reduce risk of injuries and disabilities
  • monitor/guide rehab programs
  • promote healthy aging and maintenance of functional independence
  • maintain back health
  • mobility and independence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

strength

A
  • the ability of a muscle/group to voluntarily produce a force or torque against an external resistance under specific conditions defined by muscle action, movement velocity and posture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

architecture of strength

A
  • fiber type: type 1, 2a, 2x, and 2b, differences with power output + speed of power output
  • pennation
  • PCSA
  • strength varies across muscle groups and influences magnitude of force produced
  • ## more muscles with type 2 fibers have higher force production but fatigue easier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

assessing fiber type through needle biopsy

A
  • best way to assess fiber type
  • muscle biopsy
  • identify type using chemicals
  • least invasive method
  • suction from the syringe sucks out tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how a needle biopsy works

A
  • bedside procedure
  • local anesthesia for adults, conscious sedation for pediatric patients
  • can be done in many populations
  • incision of 3-5mm (0.1-0.2 inches) depending on needle size
  • success is variable by 95%
  • sample side is usually 35-75 mg/pass
  • need to get enough tissue
  • very safe and low incidence of painful hematomas
  • analyze by histochemistry , immunohistochemistry , RNA enzyme analysis, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

size variables : cross sectional area

A
  • indication of how many fibers directly contribute to force production
  • bigger muscle = more fibers
    volume = length x CSA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

size variables : length of muscles

A
  • long, slender, muscle is more conductive = faster contractions
  • shorter, thicker muscle is more conductive for forceful contractions
    volume = length x CSA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pennation angle

A
  • angle of pennation allows muscle to be packed effectively depending on the main function and space available
  • shows how muscle fibers attach to a tendon / bone insertion
  • increase physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA)
  • more force applied for a given CSA
  • pennation sacrifices shortening velocity for increase force per volume of muscle
  • degrees directly impact sarcomere fiber number per CS of muscle generating considerable force and power
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

velocity and force of pennation angles

A
  • for velocity, the optimal angle is 0 degrees , pulls in line with the muscle fibers
  • for force, the optimal angle is 45 degrees, start to lose strength / force than you gain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

joint position and strength

A
  • moment arm
  • muscle length
  • force-length
  • joint position generates force differently across ranges of motion
  • peak for production of at specific angles at specified load
  • target the optimal degree angle to optimize force output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

moment arm

A
  • changes during ROM
  • when you start to flex, the moment arm is shorter
  • when you fully flex, the moment arm is bigger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

length tension relationship

A
  • depending on when your actin and myosin filaments are cross-bridging
  • optimal point where most cross bridges are engaged and overlap
  • changes over ROM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

contraction type and strength

A
  • force velocity
  • concentric
  • eccentric
  • isometric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

force velocity relationship and contraction

A
  • strength can be measured at any velocity but maximal (functional) force output will occur at a low velocity or during isometric contractions
  • eccentric contractions generate the most force (peak PO)
  • however, there are not many movements done in eccentric contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

neural drive and strength

A
  • Recruitment
  • rate coding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

recruitment

A
  • onion skin model of recruitment
  • different layers of how MU are started
  • small and large MU
  • smallest recruited first because they require the least amount of force
  • once recruited, they are fired more often = force over time
  • additional firing gains bigger firing of bigger MU
    *slide 25
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

order of MU recruitment

A
  • slow oxidative
  • fast fatigue resistant
  • fast fatigable
  • low ratio of fibers to nerves (fine movements) –> high ratio of fibers to nerves (gross movements)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

history and strength

A
  • fatigue
  • PAP
20
Q

post-activation potentiation

A
  • short term increased in maximal force following maximal or near maximal contractions
  • may be do to greater CNS drive (increased MU recruitment)
  • optimizes cross-bridging + primes the system
21
Q

facilitation effect (stretch shortening potentiation)

A
  • “preloading” a muscle (group) with an eccentric contraction enhances the force of a subsequent concentric contraction
22
Q

fatigue

A
  • decreased ability due to reduced substrate ability
  • activating fast glycolytic fibers that fatigue quickly
23
Q

strength testing considerations

A
  1. standardize instructions prior to test
  2. ensure uniformity in duration/intensity of warm up (not tiring systems)
  3. provide practice before testing to minimize “learning effect”
  4. ensure consistency among subject in angle of limb measurement and body position on device (rom, angle of joint)
  5. predetermine a min number of trials
  6. select measures with high reproducibility
  7. recognize individual differences in body size and comp.
24
Q

isometric strength

A
  • amount of muscle force with “no” movement (zero velocity)
  • tensiometers, isokinetic dynamometers , handgrip dynamometer
  • gold standard technique for generating maximal absolute strength
25
Q

dynamometry

A
  • external force applied to a dynamometer compresses a steel spring and moves a pointer
  • the force required to move the pointer a given distance determined the applied external force
26
Q

isometric strength protocol considerations

A
  • body position and isolation of movement pattern that is being tested
  • joint angle is CRITICAL: could lead to isometric strength curve
  • standardize warm-up: general to specific
  • avoid jerking motions by gradually increasing tension development
  • hold max contraction for 3 seconds
  • repeat 3 times , take best score
27
Q

handgrip dynamometer

A
  • has a moderate correlation with total upper body strength in large pops.
  • early screening to identify those with risk for physical disability related to low muscle strength
  • cut off of 21.0 kg - minimum level of old-age grip strength
  • scores close to this are 8x higher of developing muscular strength disabilities
  • test retest = 0.96 and 0.94 for left and right hands for males and 0.93 -0.92 for females
28
Q

cable tensiometry

A
  • isolates limbs, muscle groups, + joint angles
  • increasing force on a cable depresses riser over which the cable passes
  • deflects pointer and indicates subject’s score
  • measures muscle force in a static or isometric muscle action that elicits little or no change in the muscles external length
29
Q

1 rep max

A
  • the max amount of weight that can be voluntarily lifted once while muscle shorted (concentric)
  • free weights or machine loading system
  • gold standard for strength
  • real world measurement of strength
30
Q

N.S.C.A 1 Rm protocol

A
  • set 1: 8-10 reps of light load ~ 40-60 of 1RM
  • set 2: 3-5 reps of higher load ~ 70% of 1 RM
  • set 3: 2-3 reps of higher load ~ 80-90% 1RM
  • set 4: increase load for a 1 rep max
  • 2nd rep can be attempted after rest
31
Q

protocol considerations for 1RM test

A
  • accuracy of weight / bars etc.
  • avoid bouncing or rebound effect
  • a pause is included (if lowering the weight is allowed) and starting position standardized to ensure a concentric only contraction occurs
  • number of lead-up sets and reps controlled
  • avoid fatigue and assess readiness to lift
  • adequate rest (~3min)
  • ROM, joint angle, posture, grip, timing, time of day controlled `
32
Q

stats of the 1 rm test

A
  • test retest : 0.94 - 97
  • ICC 0.87
  • validity is good if weight lifted once is relevant to the population
33
Q

cautions of the 1RM test

A
  • not recommended for certain groups like people who are untrained , would want to use other submaximal tests
  • difficult to receive true 1Rm in untrained populations
  • variety of protocols depending on movement, type of weight , population
34
Q

how to express 1Rm data

A
  • max amount of weight or relative to body mass
  • larger individual = more fibers = lifting bigger weight
35
Q

multiple repetitions

A
  • alternative to 1 Rm testing
  • based on a reasonably linear relationship btw. multiple regression scores and 1 RM
  • best predictive power is btw 3-10 max repeated reps
36
Q

protocol of multiple regressions

A
  • set 1: 10 reps at 50% of estimated 1 RM
  • set 2: 8 reps at 60-70% 1RM
  • set 3: 6-10 reps to failure at 80% 1RM
  • if set 3 is too light, stop before completion and add more weight
37
Q

quantifying strength as a total lift score

A
  • multiply the reps to failure by the weight to get a total load lifted score
  • kg x reps = kgs
38
Q

isokinetic strength

A
  • isokinetic biodex
  • can contract velocity of motion
  • set it to particular angles + contract to the angle
  • fixed force / weight
  • see how quickly someone can push through the fixed weight
39
Q

isokinetic dynamometer

A
  • very expensive
  • keeps velocity static to isolate changes in strength across a ROM
  • identifies impaired motion due to muscle weakness
  • controls velocity of movement up to 400 degrees but can be set to 0 for isometric contractions
40
Q

problems with isokinetic machines

A
  • expensive
  • device control settings and calibration have to be followed according to manufacturer
  • have to be trained to use them
  • “learning” is a factor so familiarization is important
  • clunky to use
  • awkward to go through velocity at rom
41
Q

aging and strength

A
  • decline begins at 45-50 and progresses at a rate of 12-15% per decade
  • 25-40% of muscular strength lost by 6th or 7th decade
  • disuse over time
  • large portions of the decreased strength in old age is due to muscle atrophy
  • women have a higher % of loss strength than men
42
Q

0030 sec arm curl test

A
  • upper body strength related to daily living tasks
  • number of arm curls in 30 sec
  • 8lbs for men
  • 5lbs for women
  • light loads to ensure full ROM
  • criterion validity with combined 1RM for chest, upper back , and biceps (0.84, 0.79)
  • test-retest reliability is 0.81
43
Q

30 sec chair stand test

A
  • lower body strength related to daily living tasks
  • number of sit-stand reps in 30s
  • criterion validity with respect to 1RM leg press (0.78,0.71) for men and women
  • test-retest : 0.86 and 0.92
44
Q

muscle balance

A
  • balance or ratio of strength between agonist and antagonist muscle groups
  • set ratios to look for
  • usually assessed with isokinetic dynamometers in rehab settings but can be done with other strength tests
  • important for joint stability and to avoid injury
45
Q

muscle balance between limbs

A
  • dominant to non dominant limbs should be <10-15% different
  • ex. tennis players, one arm bigger than the other

KIN 311 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions