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KIN 311 > Anthropometrics/body comp > Flashcards

Anthropometrics/body comp Flashcards

1
Q

anthropometry

A
  • measurement of size, weight, and proportion of the body
  • ex. BMI, somatotyping, waist/hip ratios, body typing
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2
Q

body composition

A
  • focuses on techniques to measure body fat and lean body mass or fat free mass
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3
Q

weight bias

A
  • the (active or passive) formation of unreasonable judgements based on a person’s weight
  • based on looks
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4
Q

stigma

A
  • the social implication carried by a person who is a victim of prejudice and weight bias
  • how someone internalizes judgments
  • can occur across the spectrum of stature and weight
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5
Q

assessments of potential weight bias

A
  • BAOP: belief about obese person’s scale
  • ATOPS: attitudes towards obese person’s scale
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6
Q

desirable terms to refer to body weight

A
  • weight
  • excess weight
  • BMI
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7
Q

undesirable terms to refer to body weight

A
  • fatness
  • heaviness
  • excess fat
  • unhealthy BMI
  • unhealthy body weight
  • large size
  • weight problem
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8
Q

what should you have to assess people with excess weight ?

A
  • private spaces for assessments
  • large size gowns and equipment (BP cuffs)
  • sturdy armless chairs
  • large and XL adult and thigh BP cuffs
  • wide base scales that measures greater than 350 pounds
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9
Q

sensitivity and privacy

A
  • ensure weighing procedures take place in a private location that protects confidentiality
  • record weight without judgement or comments
  • offer individuals the choice of not seeing results
  • if an individual has a BMI greater than 30, do NOT do skin-folds
  • is measuring weigh truly necessary ?
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10
Q

stadiometer

A
  • used to measure height
  • measured to the nearest 0.5 cm
  • a direct measure , valid and reliable
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11
Q

scale

A
  • used to measure weight
  • measured to the nearest 0.1 kg
  • a direct measure , valid and reliable
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12
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A
  • body mass (kg) / height (m2)
  • calculation is age-independent and the same for both sexes.
  • reasonable for use in health screening and in large populations
  • poor for athletes and active individuals
  • reliable due to consistency of height and eight
  • validity is questionable because it does not give a measurement of fat mass
  • may be useful for categorizing health risks but does NOT indicate current health , need separate assessments .
  • nomograms
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13
Q

underweight BMI cut-offs

A

less than 18.50

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14
Q

normal range BMI cut-offs

A

18.50-24.99

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15
Q

overweight BMI cut-offs

A

greater than or equal to 25

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16
Q

obese BMI cut-offs

A

greater than or equal to 30

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17
Q

waist circumference

A
  • risk associated with visceral fat accumulation, where the fat is stored
  • different for men and women
  • measuring from the top of the iliac crest is standardized
  • used by CSEP
  • creates a better idea of risk (risk slide on pg.20)
  • different ethnic groups have different risks
  • men above 102 cm and women above 88 cm
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18
Q

BMI interpretation

A
  • a simple calculation but a complex variable
  • uses height, age, weight
  • depends on numerous factors
  • nothing about current health
  • Edmonton obesity staging system to break obesity into stages + classes
  • in general practice you generally will not see obese people
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19
Q

obesity in children and z-scores

A
  • standardized growth can be calculated to with respect of population needs
  • z-scores to indicate how many standard deviations a value is from the mean
  • percentiles represent where a values places with respect to the entire distribution
  • both are useful for identifying relationships to cohort
  • z-score calculators shows child tracking of BMI over time
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20
Q

waist - hip ratio

A
  • circumference of hips and waist in cm
  • accounts for different overall body size
  • ratio provides and index of relative fat distribution like how much is carried viscerally
  • greater ratio = greater visceral fat in proportion to lower body and increased risk of disease
  • men is greater than 0.89 = risk
  • women is greater than 0.78 = risk
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21
Q

waist - height ratio

A
  • stratifies circumference of hips based on height in cm
  • value greater than 0.5 is considered increased risk
  • formulas can be used to predict % body fat from circumference but is not recommended
  • tells us nothing about body fat %
22
Q

circumferences

A
  • requires carful measurement of bony landmarks
  • have to be consistent
  • cannot overlap tape measure or compress body
  • have to have a non worn tape measure
  • can use head circumference for baby cranial development
23
Q

length and breadths

A
  • a test of anthropometry
  • used to refine BMI b/c they estimate bone and muscle components of fat-free mass
  • segmental lengths are used to predict height in clinical situations
24
Q

seated height

A
  • for wheelchaired individuals
  • to determine peak height velocity in children (growth spurt)
  • client should be seated erect on a bench with legs hanging freely
  • may need to adjust posture to ensure erectness
  • head and back against wall
  • straight ahead, frankfort plane, deep breath
  • place set square on head and record height to the nearest 0.5 cm
25
Q

arm (wing) span

A
  • measuring tape placed horizontally from a corner wall / edge
  • fingers of one hand at fixed wall edge, and extend arms horizontally
26
Q

peak height velocity (PHV)

A
  • the maximum rate of growth in stature during growth spurt
  • determined using charting of height, sitting height and arm span
  • used for tracking developmental age of children and allows planning of training of fitness components around growth
  • formula to predict “maturity offset”; how long until a child reaches PHV
  • age of PHV = age + maturity offset
  • slide 35
27
Q

how to measure body comp

A
  1. direct
  2. indirect (laboratory bases)
  3. double indirect (field based)
28
Q

direct measurements

A
  • chemical or cadaver analysis
29
Q

indirect measurements

A
  • hydrostatic/densitometry
  • DEXA
  • ultrasound
30
Q

doubly indirect measurements

A
  • skinfolds derivations
  • height/weight/circumference derivations
  • circumference/breadth
31
Q

body comp 2 compartment models

A
  • divides the body into two components
  • assumes fat has a density of 0.900 kg/l
  • assumes fat free mass has a density of 1.100 kg/l
  • fat vs. fat fee mass or lean body mass is the essential fat is inside like organs/muscles/tissues
  • induces error into any technique based on this assumption
32
Q

multiple compartment model

A
  • the greater the number of body compartments accounted for, the greater the reduction of error
  • ex. DEXA (3 compartments : fat, bone soft tissue)
33
Q

hydrostatic weighing

A
  • based on Archimedes principle
  • any object immersed in fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
  • not related to volume displaced
34
Q

what you need to know/do before hydrostatic weighing

A
  • residual volume (air in lungs left over ) based on height, age, and sex
  • need to know density of water before weighing
  • trapped gas in the gi system (100ml)
  • dry body weight, minimal clothing and minimal trapped air
  • submerged body weight
35
Q

hydrostatic weighing technique

A
  • minimum equipment required
  • body of water, calibrated hanging scale, thermometer, water density table/calculator
  • may need weights to assist with submersion
  • calculate dry weight
  • full end expiration and submersion for 5-10s
  • minimize movement
  • repeat 5-10 times if needed b/c it is usually not perfect the first time
36
Q

hydrostatic formulas

A
  • predicts body fat % from body density
  • can be used to calculate fat mass and lean body mass
  • siri, brozek, and lohman equations
  • need to select an appropriate equation for the individual and be consistent
  • come with a big variability
37
Q

limitations to hydrostatic weighing

A
  • assumption of the constant density of body fat and LBM, 19% error is possible b/c it can be different in women
  • assumption of the magnitude of trapped air (GI tract, lungs, body cavity), 8% error in variability in lungs alone
  • variability in body mass determination (hydration/dehydration, nutritional status)
  • number of trials performed, more accurate with more trials
38
Q

BodPod

A
  • air displacement plethysmography
  • same theory as hydrostatic weighing but uses air displacement
  • automated
  • need to minimize air displacement but not full expiration
  • can be used in many populations including children
  • validity is 0.94
  • test-retest reliability is 0.96
  • participant specific equations should be considered
39
Q

DEXA

A
  • dual energy X-ray absorption
  • uses a 3 compartment model of lean soft tissue, fat soft tissue, and bone
  • uses a “low” type of radiation to scan whole body
  • can provide regional data with respect to fat distribution
  • inter-day reliability is 0.9-0.99
  • concurrent validity with underwater weighing is 0.90
  • claims that the error is around 3% for fat
  • can use to get segmental bone density
40
Q

DEXA limitations

A
  • expensive
  • need technical certification because you are working with radiation
  • due to radiation, cannot be used in some populations like pregnant women and kids
  • can only accommodate individuals of a certain size
  • metallic implants will interfere with measurements
  • other radiological tests may interfere with measurements/results
41
Q

MRI

A
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • also uses 3 compartment model
  • uses a high frequency magnetic field to vibrate molecules
  • can provide very fine spatial (regional) data with respect to fat distribution
  • most accurate to determine body comp
  • gold standard of indirect measures
42
Q

limitations of MRI

A
  • very expensive
  • limited accessibility
  • limitations with respect to size of individuals (bore diameter)
43
Q

skinfolds

A
  • measures the thickness of fat-folds including the skin at various sites around the body that can be anatomically landmarked
  • can be used as a sum of various sites and can be used in a formula to predict % fat or body density
44
Q

assumptions of skinfolds

A
  • that the choice of sites represent total body fat
  • subcutaneous fat is related to total body fat
45
Q

variability of skin folds

A
  • depends on: type of caliper used
  • “jaw” tension
  • landmarking of site
  • amount of skin
  • time taken to read measurement
  • number of sites or formulas used
  • can be a 10% difference between calipers
  • spring load of jaw should be 8-10 g/mm2
  • need consistency with landmarking of site and amount of fat pinched
  • time taken to read measure and finger pressure
  • # of sites measured for sum or for predicted of % fat formula
46
Q

equations for predicting body fat

A
  1. sum of skinfolds : predicts % fat, Yuhasz
  2. sum of skinfolds to predict body density that can be used in the same formulas as UWW for predicting % fat, Jackson and Pollock
47
Q

validity and reliability of skinfolds

A
  • validity in correlation with hydrostatic is 0.92, is a doubly indirect method that reduces validity
  • reliability can be depending on technique and how trained the individual is
  • test-retest reliability of r =0.99
48
Q

if factors are controlled in skinfolds …

A
  • IF all factors are controlled: % fat from skin folds varies around +-5% or higher
  • use techniques that involve upper and lower body skinfolds
49
Q

bioelectrical impedance (BIA)

A
  • easy to use, non-invasive, practical, fast
  • uses low level electrical current and measures the impedance (opposition to current flow)
  • water/electrodes conduct electrical current with less impedance
  • tissue that conducts more water will have lower opposition to current flow (muscle, 70% water)
  • the greater resistance to current flow the greater the fat content since fat has lower water/ electrolyte content
  • may also be used to predict the total body water content (hydration, touching other things)
50
Q

test guidelines and assumptions of BIA

A
  • very strict pre-test guidelines
  • no eating or drinking 4 hours before
  • no exercise within 12 hours
  • must urinate within 30 min
  • no alcohol within 48 hours
  • no diuretic type medications within 7 days
  • no testing at certain days of the menstrual cycle
  • validity is QUESTIONABLE
  • reliability can be good under controlled conditions 0.66-0.94
51
Q

near-infrared interactance

A
  • measures optical density of “near-infrared light” of two wavelengths for the bicep of the dominant arm
  • at the two wavelengths, fat absorbs light and LBM reflects light
  • a sensor measures the difference between amount of light emitted and reflected back
  • uses formulas that have a variety of assumptions to predict %fat
  • underestimation of body fat up to 10% and worse in obese clients
  • validity is questionable ; reliability can be good
52
Q

what techniques do you use (considerations)

A
  • consider validity and reliability if technique
  • application with respect to performance or health
  • practicality or cost
  • risk
  • time

KIN 311 (22 decks)

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