Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

what are the TYPES of MUSCLES?

Answer 1

• SKELETAL
• SMOOTH
• CARDIAC

Question 2

describe MUSCLES

Answer 2

• they are UNDER CONSCIOUS CONTROL
• composed of BUNDLES OF MUSCLE FIBERS
• attached to the bone by TENDONS

Question 3

internal rotation

Answer 3

turning TOWARD MIDLINE

Question 4

external rotation

Answer 4

turning AWAY from MIDLINE

Question 5

hyperextension

Answer 5

extending BEYOND anatomical position

• tipping the head backward

Question 6

abduction & adduction

Answer 6

ABDUCTION
- AWAY from midline of body

ADDUCTION
- TOWARDS the midline of the body

Question 7

rotation

Answer 7

moving head around the CENTRAL AXIS

Question 8

protraction

Answer 8

moving a BODY PART FORWARD & PARALLEL to the ground

**moving lower jaw forward

Question 9

retraction

Answer 9

moving a BODY PART BACKWARD & PARALLEL to the ground

**returning of lower jaw from forward to normal position

Question 10

FLEXION & EXTENSION

Answer 10

FLEXION
- bending; DECREASING ANGLE OF JOINT

EXTENSION
- straightening; INCREASING ANGLE OF JOINT

Question 11

PRONATION & SUPINATION

Answer 11

PRONATION
- TURNING FOREARM with PALM DOWN

SUPINATION
- TURN FOREARM with PALM UP

Question 12

circumduction

Answer 12

moving arm in a CIRCLE around the shoulder

Question 13

INVERSION & EVERSION

Answer 13

INVERSION
- moving sole of foot INWARD at the ankle

EVERSION
- moving sole of foot OUTWARD at the ankle

Question 14

elevation

Answer 14

raising a body part

Question 15

depression

Answer 15

lowering a body part

Question 16

what are OUR TYPE OF JOINTS?

Answer 16

FIBROUS JOINTS – IMMOVABLE JOINTS
(ex. sutures in the skull)

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS – SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS
(ex. vertebrae)

SYNOVIAL JOINTS – FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS
(ex. the extremities)

Question 17

what to CONSIDER IN OLDER ADULTS – MS SYSTEM?

Answer 17

• greater loss of SUBQ fat & muscle
• greater loss of LIGAMENT & TENDON ELASTICITY
• SLOWER MOVEMENTS
• greater loss of MUSCLE MASS & STRENGTH
• often a more EXAGGERATED THORACIC CURVE (KYPHOSIS)

Question 18

what ORDER / components make up a MUSCULOSKELETAL EXAM?

Answer 18

• INSPECTION
  looking at SIZE & CONTOUR + pain + posture
• PALPATION
  TEMP. + ABNORMAL AREAS/ARTICULATIONS

**very important to COMPARE SIDES during an MSK EXAM
**testing the UNAFFECTED SIDE FIRST
**looking at SYMMETRY

Question 19

active range of motion

Answer 19

where the patient performs the exercise to move the joint WITHOUT any assistance to the muscles surrounding the joint

Question 20

passive range of motion

Answer 20

where the THERAPIST or RN or the EQUIPMENT moves the joint through the range of motion/ NO EFFORT from the patient

Question 21

what is EXPECTED during ROM EXERCISES?

Answer 21

• should be SMOOTH & QUIET MOTION
• should hear NO CREPITUS/NO STIFFNESS/NO PAIN

Question 22

describe the MUSCLE STRENGTH SCALE

Answer 22

5 - NORMAL STRENGTH

4 - there is MOVEMENT vs. RESISTANCE/less than normal

3 - there is MOVEMENT vs. GRAVITY but not against RESISTANCE

2 - there is MOVEMENT at the JOINT but not against GRAVITY

1 - there is VISIBLE MUSCLE MOVEMENT but NO MOVEMENT at the JONIT

0 - NO MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

Question 23

definition of KYPHOSIS

Answer 23

• the FORWARD ROUNDING of the SPINE
• characterized by HUMP or CURVE on the LOWER BACK
• often caused by OSTEOPOROSIS
• often have PAIN & STIFFNESS in the shoulders

Question 24

definition of SCOLIOSIS

Answer 24

• the SIDEWAYS CURVING OF THE SPINE in a C or S SHAPE
• often due to LACK OF PROPER DEVELOPMENT of ONE VERTEBRAE
• often can have MISALIGNMENT of the PELVIS & HIPS / numbness or weakness in the LEGS

Question 25

definition of LORDOSIS

Answer 25

- the INWARD CURVING OF THE SPINE towards the FRONT OF THE BODY - often is due to WEAK ABDOMINAL MUSCLES - can see the HEAD/NECK leaning forward more - often have NECK/LOWER BACK PAIN

Question 26

definition of GOUTY ARTHRITIS

Answer 26

- a FORM OF ARTHRITIS resulting from CHRONICALLY ELEVATED SERUM URIC ACID - often have INFLAMMATION of the great toe, wrist, hands, ankles, or knees - want to ASSESS for Hx of HBP + CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Question 27

definition of OSTEOMYELITIS

Answer 27

- is an INFECTION OF THE BONE that often CAUSES INFLAMMATION & SWELLING - often can see PAIN, TENDERNESS, EDEMA, FEVER, or LIMPING

Question 28

definition of OSTEOARTHRITIS

Answer 28

- the DETERIORATION of the articular cartilage covering the ends of bone in the SYNOVIAL JOINTS - often can see ENLARGEMENT of JOINTS +ARTICULAR PAIN + difficulty in ROM + MUSCLE WEAKNESS

Question 29

definition of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Answer 29

- a type of CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER of the synovial tissue surrounding the joints - often characterized by JOINT DEFORMITY + STIFFNESS + lack of ROM + RED/SWOLLEN AREAS

Question 30

what is the DIFFERENCE between OA vs. RA?

Answer 30

OA more of your typical "wear & tear" of the cartilage--more of a degenerative condition - typically just targets an ISOLATED JOINT RA more of an AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER where the synovial tissue is attacked - targets SEVERAL JOINTS AT ONE TIME - can see other factors like fevers, anemia, loss of appetite etc...

Question 31

definition of OSTEOPOROSIS

Answer 31

- WEAK & BRITTLE BONES due to insufficient bone formation - have the DECREASE IN BONE MASS & loss of BONE DENSITY - very susceptible to OLDER ADULTS - due to loss of bone density as we age --fractures, etc... - can see a CHANGE IN POSTURE or HEIGHT / WEIGHT LOSS

Question 32

how do we EDUCATE our patients about OSTEOPOROSIS/how to prevent?

Answer 32

- want a NUTRITIOUS DET with proper CALCIUM INTAKE - want to have REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY - avoid MALNUTRITION and SECOND-HAND SMOKE - get a regular amount of VITAMIN D

Question 33

definition of MUSCLE STRAIN

Answer 33

excessive stretching or forceful contraction beyond the muscle's functional capacity