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NURS 210 > Skin, Hair, & Nails > Flashcards

Skin, Hair, & Nails Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some of the SKIN’S integral functions?

A
  • PROTECTIVE BARRIER against foreign substances & trauma
  • restricts BODY FLUID LOSS
  • regulates BODY TEMP
  • produces VITAMIN D
  • provides SENSORY PERCEPTION
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2
Q

describe the A&P of the SKIN

A

EPIDERMIS:
- outermost layer (come lets get sub burnt)
DERMIS:
- connective tissue layer
- includes elastin, collagen, fibers, motor nerve fibers
HYPODERMIS:
- subcutaneous layer
- important for HEAT, INSULATION, SHOCK ABSORPTION, calorie reserve

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3
Q

what are some APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN?

A
  • ECCRINE & APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
  • SEBACEOUS GLANDS
  • HAIR
  • NAILS
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4
Q

describe ECCRINE GLANDS

A

direct opening on skin surface

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5
Q

describe APOCRINE GLANDS

A
  • specialized structures found in axillae, nipples, areolae, eyelids, ears
  • secrete OILY FLUID containing protein, CHO, & etc…
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6
Q

describe SEBACEOUS GLANDS

A

secretion of SEBUM - acts of lubricant & moisturizer for skin & hair

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7
Q

what are NAILS composed of?

A

keratin–very important for dexterity

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8
Q

describe what happens to A&P of the skin in OLDER ADULTS?

A
  • decreased activity of GLANDS; = drier skin & less perspiration
  • THINNING of the epidermis
  • decreased COLLAGEN & ELASTICITY
  • increased GRAY HAIR = decreased MELANOCYTES
  • increased baldness
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9
Q

describe HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS–SKIN

A

important to observe/ask;
- skin changes
- specific symptoms
- specific location
- recent exposures/travel history
- any medications?
- any trauma?
- any bites?

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10
Q

describe HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS–HAIR?

A

important to observe/ask;
- changes in hair
- any symptoms?
- diet/nutrition?
- any infestations?
- any medications?

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11
Q

describe HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS–NAILS?

A

important to observe/ask;
- changes in nails
- recent history
- any associated symptoms?
- exposure/occupations?
- medications?

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12
Q

what are some signs of history to observe within OLDER ADULTS?

A
  • can have INCREASED or DECREASED SENSATION
  • have many different factors of CHANGE in skin, hair, & nails
  • have greater SUSCEPTIBILITY to SKIN INFECTIONS
  • have DECREASED HEALING RESPONSES
  • have greater SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FAILLS
  • have greater MEDICATIONS **POLYPHARMACY
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13
Q

what do we PALPATE FOR on SKIN SURFACES? (5)

A
  • MOISTURE
  • TEMPERATURE
  • TEXTURE
  • TURGOR
  • ELASTICITY
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14
Q

what do we INSPECT FOR on SKIN SURFACES?

A
  • COLOR & UNIFORM APPERANCE
    (ex. color is appropriate for ethicity)
  • any SKIN LESIONS/WOUNDS?
  • THICKNESS
  • SYMMETRY
  • HYGIENE
  • any ABNORMALITIES
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15
Q

what are areas that NEED EXTRA INSPECTION during skin examination?

A
  • important to also check areas like SKIN FOLDS;
  • larger breast under areas
  • obese abdomen
  • groin
    (all of these areas are WARM & MOIST – susceptible for irritation/infection)
  • also checking FEET, TOENAILS, FINGERS, TOES
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16
Q

can rashes be soley on one part of the body?

A

NO, rashes can be various areas on the body–important to specify & clear if rashes are LOCALIZED or GENERALIZED

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17
Q

normal moisture of skin

A

should be MINIMAL / some oiliness

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18
Q

what surface of the hand do we use to PALPATE FOR TEMPERATURE? normal temperature of skin?

A

using the DORSAL SURFACE – more sensitized to temperature
- skin should be WATM – hands & feet can be slightly cooler
- want this temperature to be BILATERAL = normal circulatory status

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19
Q

normal texture of skin

A

should be SMOOTH, SOFT, & EVEN

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20
Q

normal TURGOR of the skin

A
  • should immediately revert back to original position after pinching
    if NOT (INTENTED); can be a sign of DEHYDRATION/PRESENT EDEMA
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21
Q

hypothermia

A

a medical emergency that occurs when the body’s temperature drops too low, usually due to exposure to cold temperatures for a prolonged period

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22
Q

hyperthermia

A

condition where the body’s temperature is higher than normal due to a failure of the body’s thermoregulation system

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23
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweating

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24
Q

what are some IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS of SKIN LESIONS to NOTE? (8)

A
  • size
  • shape
  • color
  • texture
  • elevations/depressions
  • blanching
  • exudates
  • location & distribution
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25
what are our TYPES OF SKIN LESIONS
 Macule  Patch  Papule  Plaque  Nodule  Tumor  Vesicle  Bulla  Pustule  Cyst  Wheal
26
bulla
fluid filled vesicle -- BLISTER
27
cyst
elevated + circumscribed area of the skin filled with LIQUID or SEMISOLID FLUID
28
macule
FLAT + circumscribed AREA - can be BROWN, RED, WHITE, or TAN
29
nodule
ELEVATED + FIRM + CIRCUMSCRIBED + PALPABLE area greater than 5 MM in diameter - can involve all skin layers
30
papule
- TINY RAISED BUMP - can often develop from EXCESS OIL and PORE CLOGGED
31
plaque
- elevated FLAT TOPPED FIRM ROUGH PATCH
32
pustule
- similar to a VESCILE but is filled with PUS
33
vesicle
elevated circumscribed superficial fluid-filled blister
34
wheal
elevated irregular shaped area of CUTANEOUS EDEMA - often as SOLID, TRANSIENT & CHANGEABLE - can be RED, PALE PINK or WHITE (HIVES)
35
describe VITILIGO
- type of LONG-TERM CONDITION often seen by skin patches that LOSE PIGMENT - can affect inside of the mouth, hair, and nose - more at RISK OF SKIN CANCER in NONPIGMENTED AREAS of their skin
36
what are PETECHIAE?
- tiny PUNCTATE HEMORRHAGE - around 1 -3 mm ROUND - often is DARK RED, PURPLE, or BROWN - important to observe; can be a sign of SEPSIS/SEPTICEMIAS
37
what are the ABCDE's of SKIN CANCER?
A - ASYMMETRY B - BORDER C - COLOR D - DIAMETER E - ELEVATION & ENLARGEMENT
38
how do we INSPECT & PALPATE THE HAIR?
INSPECTION: - looking at patient's texture, color, distribution & quantity PALPATION: - texture - lesions
39
what are some important characteristics to note about NAILS during our physical exam?
- looking at PIGMENTATION - any SURFACE CHANGES (riding, beading, pitting, peeling) - REDNESS - PAIN/SWELLING/EXUDATE - firmness/thickness - how well does the nail adhere to the bed?
40
why do we utilize the technique of CAPILLARY REFILL?
- allows to see the CIRCULATORY STATUS WITHIN THE EXTREMITIES -- this causes BLANCHING - should be normally 2 - 3 seconds - any longer; sign of DEHYDRATION & POOR CIRCULATION
41
define ECZEMATOUS DERMATITIS
this is the MOST COMMON INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISORDER
42
what are the types of ECZEMATOUS DERMATITIS?
- IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS - ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS - ATOPIC DERMATITIS
43
folliculitis
- INFLAMMATION & INFECTION of the hair follicle & surrounding dermis
44
furuncle (boil)
a DEEP-SEATED INFECTION of the PILOSEBACEOUS UNIT
45
cellulitis
- a DIFFUSE + ACUTE INFECTION of the SKIN & SUBQ TISSUE - this is often LOCALIZED - an INFLAMMATORY PROCESS - sometimes can mark the affected area to indicate process of healing/medication results
46
definition of SKIN CANCER
out-of-control growth of abnormal cells in the epidermis, the outermost skin layer, caused by unrepaired DNA damage that triggers mutations
47
difference between BENIGN vs. MALIGNANT
BENIGN - not cancerous; does not spread MALIGNANT; - cancerous; does spread
48
tinea (dermatophytosis)
- group of NONCANDIDAL FUNGAL INFECTIONS -- often involving the STRTUM CORNEUM, NAILS or HAIR - just a fancy name for RINGWORM :) !
49
psoriasis
- a CHRONIC & RECURRENT DISEASE of a KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION - often GENETIC
50
rosacea
type of CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISORDER often characterized by REDNESS/SWELLING/PIMPLES around the nose & cheeks
51
herpes zoster (shingles)
- type of VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRAL INFECTION - very painful as it runs through the NERVE LINE
52
herpes simplex definition
It’san infection spread through saliva that can cause painful blisters and ulcers.Usually on or around the mouth but can also be on genitalia.
53
54
difference between HSV-1 & HSV-2
TYPE ONE is associated with an ORAL INFECTION & TYPE TWO is associated with a genital infection
55
what are some major symptoms of HERPES SIMPLEX 1 & key findings in the physical exam?
SYMPTOMS: - fever - pain - swollen lymph nodes - mouth blisters Vesicular Lesions: Small, painful blisters, often in clusters. Crusting: Sores may crust over as they heal. Swollen Lymph Nodes: Tenderness in neck lymph nodes.
56
what are the TICK-BORNE DISEASES that can lead to MULTISYSTEMIC FAILURE?
- LYME DISEASE - ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER - COLORADO TICK FEVER **all must be treated as soon as possible
57
alopecia areata
a SUDDEN RAPID COIN-SHAPED LOSS of HAIR usually from the scalp or face
58
scarring alopecia
replacement of hair follicles with SCAR TISSUE
59
traction alopecia
hair loss that is the result of PROLONGED TIGHTLY PULLED HAIRSTYLES
60
hirsutism
- growth of TERMINAL HAIR in WOMEN in the male distribution pattern on the FACE, BODY, and pubic areas - can be a sign of VIRILIZATION (type of ENDOCRINE DISORDER)
61
nevi
also known as MOLES - often seen on more light skinned patients & are strongly associated with sun exposure
62
paronchyia
inflammation of the PARONYCHIUM
63
onychomycosis
a FUNGAL INFECTION of the nail - often has a yellow discoloration & vertical ridging
64
ANONYCHIA
complete absence of a nail - can occur as a congenital condition
65
ingrown nails
nails begin to pierce into the LATERAL NAIL FOLD and grow into the dermis
66
nail avulsion
part or all of a nail is torn away or removed from the nail bed
67
subungual hematoma
trauma to the nail plate that is SEVERE ENOUGH to cause IMMEDIATE BLEEDING & PAIN
68
onycholysis
loosening of the NAIL PLATE from the bed that begins at the distal groove
69
nail clubbing definition
change within the NAIL STRUCTURE - more UPSIDE DOWN SPOON LIKE + SPONGE LIKE - FINGERS ENLARGE & CURVED NAILS over the span of many years
70
why does NAIL CLUBBING OCCUR?
this is due to LOW OXYGEN LEVELS WITHIN THE BLOOD - can be signs of lung diseases; COPD, LUNG CANCER, CYSTIC FIBROSIS etc...
71
kolioonychia
- aka SPOON NAILS - sign of HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA; IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA/SYPHILIS - more CONCAVE IN SHAPE

NURS 210 (15 decks)

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