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Anatomy 6511 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Limb bones

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
Skull

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3
Q

Mesoderm

A

Dev to Paraxial mesoderm (somites)
Lateral plate somatic mesoderm

origin for musculoskeletal system

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4
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Another origin for musculoskeletal system

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5
Q

Paraxial mesoderm –>

A

Mesenchyme –> Vertebral column, ribs, & neurocranium

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6
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm –>

A

Mesenchyme –> Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs, & sternum

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7
Q

Neural crest cells–>

A

Mesenchyme–> Viscerocranium & hyoid bone

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8
Q

Sclerotome

A

forms all of the axial skeleton except:

Sternum & a portion of the skull

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9
Q

Paraxial Mesoderm Derivatives

A

Vertebrae
Annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs
Ribs
Neurocranium

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10
Q

Vertebrae Development - 4th week

A

4th week: sclerotome cells surround neural tube & notochord

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11
Q

Each sclerotome segment has

A

Less dense cranial portion

Dense caudal portion

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12
Q

Dense portion (sclerotome

A

Annulus fibrosus of IV discs

Fuses with less dense portion of sclerotome immediately inferior to form the vertebral body

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13
Q

Sclerotomes Undergo Resegmentation

A

6th week: chondrification occurs

Ossification:
Begins 7th week
3-5 years: vertebral arch halves fuse
3-6 years: vertebral arch fuses with body
~25 years: ossification complete
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14
Q

Dev of Annulus Fibrosus of IV Discs

A

Sclerotome–>

intersegmental mesenchyme –>annulus fibrosus

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15
Q

Rib dev.

A

Grow out as lateral extensions of costal processes developing from thoracic vertebrae & wrap around anteriorly

Synovial joint forms where costal process meets vertebra

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16
Q

Development of the Sternum

A

Induced to form by ribs at ventral midline from lateral plate somatic mesoderm
10th week:
Develops as two sternal bars that will fuse cranially to caudally
Later fuse to form manubrium, sternal body, and xiphoid process

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17
Q

Viscerocranium

A

anterolateral facial bones

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18
Q

Neurocranium

A

bones encasing the brain

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19
Q

Development of the Neurocranium

A

Occipital somites form a portion of the neurocranium

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20
Q

Cartilaginous Neurocranium

A

Base of skull
Sphenoid, petrous portion of temporal bone, portion of occipital bone
Form by endochondral ossification

All other parts of
Form by intramembranous

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21
Q

Membranous Neurocranium

A

Flat bones that surround the brain

Formed by intramembranous ossification

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22
Q

Fontanelles

A

Enlarged membranous spaces where more than 2 bones meet

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23
Q

Development of Appendicular Skeleton

A

Differentiates from mesenchyme of lateral plate somatic mesoderm

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24
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

5th week: condensations of mesenchyme appear in limb buds

6th week: mesenchymal bone models undergo chondrification to form hyaline cartilage models

7th/8th week: ossification begins in long bones
Occurs initially in diaphysis from primary ossification centers

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25
Skeletal muscle origin
Derived from paraxial mesoderm
26
Cardiac muscle origin
Cardiac muscle | Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm surrounding developing heart
27
Smooth muscle origin
Smooth muscle | Of G.I. tract: Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm surrounding gut tube
28
Somites differentiate into:
Sclerotome Myotome Dermatome -skeletal muscle dev.
29
Somites give rise to:
Axial skeleton (most) Associated musculature Overlying dermis of back
30
Myoblasts
specialized mesoderm cells Fuse together to form skeletal muscle Actively contract by week 7
31
Progenitor cells for muscle tissues derived from
the ventrolateral and dorsomedial lips of the dermomyotome
32
Lateral somitic frontier
separates paraxial mesoderm from lateral plate somatic mesoderm
33
Primaxial domain
surrounds neural tube and contains only somite-derived cells **adjacent to the neural tube -very close to it. Dorsomedial lip (DML) & a few Ventrolateral lip (VLL) cells left at the myotome will form the: Musculature of the back Shoulder girdle muscles Intercostal muscles
34
Abaxial domain
parietal layer of lateral plate mesodem with somite-derived cells ``` Most Ventrolateral lip (VLL) myoblasts migrate across the frontier into lateral plate somatic mesoderm to form: Infrahyoid muscles Pectoralis major & minor muscles Abdominal wall muscles Limb muscles ```
35
Myotome
``` Each myotome divides into: Epaxial group (dorsal/posterior) Hypaxial group (ventral/anterior) ``` Each spinal nerve divides into: Dorsal primary ramus Ventral primary ramus:
36
Epaxial muscles -->
back muscles -->dorsal primary rami
37
Hypaxial muscles -->
muscles of the limbs + body wall --> ventral primary rami
38
Cardiac Muscle dev
Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm | Gives rise to mesenchyme surrounding developing heart tube
39
Smooth Muscle dev
Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm Wall of gut & gut tube derivatives Most large arteries (i.e., aorta)
40
Neuroectoderm
Sphincter pupillae m. & dilator pupillae m. of iris | -derived from ectoderm.
41
Surface ectoderm
Myoepithelial cells of mammary, salivary, & sweat glands
42
Limb Development
``` Limb buds emerge toward end of week 4 Upper limbs (UL) appear 1st Lower limbs (LL) appear 1-2 days later ```
43
Limb Bud
Core of mesenchyme, lined by surface ectoderm Mesenchyme forms connective tissue of the limb Cartilage, bone, dermis, blood vessels
44
Elongation of the Limbs
Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) sends signaling factors to nearby mesenchyme of progress zone Keeps cells undifferentiated and rapidly dividing to form more limb tissue Limb grows proximally to distally
45
Migratory Cells Invade Limb Bud
``` Melanocytes From neural crest Sensory axons & Schwann cells From neural crest Myoblasts From myotome of VLL Motor axons From neural ```
46
Outgrowth of Limbs, Weeks
4-8. Epaxial muscles Dorsal primary rami Hypaxial muscles Ventral primary rami Will divide to form dorsal & ventral branches to compartments
47
Limb buds initially grow straight out
laterally, followed by: | UL lateral rotation by 90° & LL medial rotation by 90 degrees
48
Week 6: “paddle stage”
End of week 6 Mesenchyme is condensing to form digital rays Outlines of future digits Organized apoptosis of cells in AER divides paddle into 5 digits End of week 8 Mesenchyme will differentiate as hyaline cartilage in digits due to AER induction
49
Apoptosis in AER forms
Digits
50
Meromelia
absence of part of a limb
51
Amelia
absence of entire limb
52
Polydactyly
extra digits
53
Syndactyly
two or more fused digits
54
Sternum
Lateral plate mesoderm
55
Skull
Neural crest cells in origin
56
Portion of occipital somite
fuses with cranial portion of cranial 1. Bottom of spinal cord tapers off.
57
Manubrium
first to form, forms downward.
58
Each vertebral level will have
Ossification centers, begin to ossify from 12th week onward.
59
Bottom of skull with nerves
Endochondrial ossification
60
Rest of skull (flat bones)
Intermembranous ossification
61
Myogenic
Myoblasts on hold
62
Primaxial and abaxial
Helps determine dorsal and ventral ramus innervation.
63
Local molecular clues differentiate between
Cardiac and smooth muscle.

Anatomy 6511 (27 decks)

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