Music and Speech

Question 1

rhythm

Answer 1

the repeated pattern of sounds compromised by strong and weak elements: part of melody tied to tempo

not exclusive to music

Question 2

we often perceive rhythmic groupings when…

Answer 2

there are none

Question 3

syncopation

Answer 3

the deviation from a regular rhythm

makes music unexpected/exciting

Question 4

syncopated auditory polyrhythms

Answer 4

two rhythms are played together but slightly out of sync; one ends up dominating in most cases

Question 5

octaves are relatively _____ but not every _____ is the same

Answer 5

universal; culture

Question 6

absolute pitch

Answer 6

a rare ability where the person can name and produce any note without comparison to others

can identify out of key notes easily

require some sort of experience in childhoood!

Question 7

is there a music region to our brain?

Answer 7

not really, music impacts activity in many brain regions depending on if you like it, play music, etc.

Question 8

what disease has music been found to help evoke memories and can act as cues to help people recall info?

Answer 8

alzheimer’s

Question 9

t/f: if you listen to the same music while you study and take a test you’ll do better

Answer 9

false!

Question 10

our ability to … impacts our perception of speech

Answer 10

produce speech sounds

Question 11

3 steps of speech

Answer 11

respiration
phonation
articulation

Question 12

5 body parts that help us produce speech

Answer 12

lungs
- allows respiration/breathing

diaphragm
- initiates speech by pushing air out of lungs

larynx
- voice box, contains vocal folds/cords

vocal folds/cords
- allows phonation

vocal tract
- airway above the larynx - oral/nasal tracts

Question 13

phonation

Answer 13

the process of these structures vibrating as air is pushed through to produce sound

Question 14

size dictates _____ (how so?)

Answer 14

pitch

small = high
large = low

Question 15

phonation creates ______ spectrum

Answer 15

harmonic

Question 16

articulation

Answer 16

shape changed by manipulating other parts of the head/mouth

the act/manner of producing a speech sound

Question 17

changing the shape of the vocal tract alters the ______ characteristics of produced sound

Answer 17

resonance

Question 18

formants

Answer 18

resonance of the vocal tract that creates peaks in the harmonic speech spectrum

generally labeled by order from lowest (F1) to highest

Question 19

how do we visualize speech?

Answer 19

with spectrograms!

Question 20

what does it mean when it is going from a green to a red on spectrograms?

Answer 20

increase in amplitudes

Question 21

in relation to formants and vowels, what does F1 and F2 mean respectfully?

Answer 21

F1 = height of tongue (high F1=low tongue position, low F1 = high tongue position)

F2 = tongue forward or back (high F2=forward, low F2= back)

Question 22

2 things that matter in forming vowels

Answer 22

placement and air flow

Question 23

manner of articulation

Answer 23

how much airflow is obstructed

Question 24

place of articulation

Answer 24

where airflow is obstructed

Question 25

voicing

Answer 25

whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating

Question 26

manner of articulation: how can airflow be obstructed?

Answer 26

totally (b, d, etc.) partially (s) only slightly (r) first blocked then open (ch, j) blocked but open through nasal passage (n, m) unobstructed (vowels)

Question 27

place of articulation: the location where airflow obstruction occurs

Answer 27

at the lips (b, p, m) at the alveolar ridge (d, t, n) at the soft palate (g, k, ng)

Question 28

voicing: vibrating vs. not vibrating

Answer 28

vibrating letters: b, m, z, l, r non-vibrating letters: p, s, ch

Question 29

phonemes

Answer 29

unit of speech

Question 30

why do our articulators (tongue, lips, jaw) may not always be in the exact same position to produce a given phoneme?

Answer 30

we string together phonemes, resulting in coarticulation

Question 31

coarticulation

Answer 31

where attributes of successive phonemes overlap in articulator/acoustic patterns

Question 32

difference between color/language classification example and letter/language classification in cultures

Answer 32

for specific letters, if you don't have them in your language you will actually be **less accurate** rather than the color it wasn't about accuracy but about speed

Question 33

our brain enhances the contrasts between sounds dealing with ... using acoustic ____ and ______

Answer 33

coarticulation; cues and combos

Question 34

we can differentiate between words when coarticulation is present through our ...

Answer 34

experience!

Question 35

the most important parts of speech for our understanding result in ... and when these parts are masked by noised, we lose _______

Answer 35

large amounts of change in the shape of the basilar membrane; comprehension

Question 36

native listeners quickly learn to filter ...

Answer 36

irrelevant acoustic distinctions

Question 37

statistical learning

Answer 37

certain sounds (making words) are more likely to occur together

Question 38

how do we parse phonemes and words?

Answer 38

statistical learning

Question 39

context and phonemic restoration can take place even when...

Answer 39

the context word came after!

Question 40

aphasia

Answer 40

impairment in language processing

Question 41

damage to broca's area causes ...

Answer 41

expressive aphasia - understanding language but hard to produce speech in response

Question 42

damage to wernicke's area causes ...

Answer 42

receptive aphasia - produce speech just fine but don't understand what they are being asked

Question 43

speech like but unintelligible sounds activate ... while speech activates ...

Answer 43

both left and right temporal lobe; left temporal lobe

Question 44

the parts of the brain that are activated by language tells us that language is ...

Answer 44

left lateralized and more complex auditory information is processed more anteriorly

Question 45

What is always consistent about two very different songs that have the same melody? a. their contours b. their frequencies c. their tempo d. their octaves

Answer 45

their contours

Question 46

two phonemes are relatively similar except for one, you obstruct your airflow slightly more than the other. What aspect of articulation differs between them? a. phonation b. manner of artriculation c. place of articulation d. voicing

Answer 46

manner of articulation

Question 47

with remapping in the brain and ASL, it is hard to parse what are speech "_______" from speech "______" regions

Answer 47

perception; comprehension

Question 48

what changes how our brain perceives the sound

Answer 48

reading lips/mouth

Question 49

motor theory

Answer 49

speech perception tied to invoking the motor processes involved in speaking McGurk effect fits into this