Smell

Question 1

odor

Answer 1

the translation of a chemical stimulus to smell sensation

Question 2

odorant

Answer 2

the actual molecule(s) that capable of being translated into smell

Question 3

odorants must be (3 things)

Answer 3

volatile (able to float through air)
small
hydrophobic (repellent to water)

Question 4

you don’t smell ___ despite it constantly filling your nose qualifying

Answer 4

air

Question 5

not perceiving particular odorants may be a mix of (3 things)

Answer 5

evolution, genetics, habituation

Question 6

primary purpose of your nose

Answer 6

to let you breathe while filtering and warming that air

Question 7

2 paths for air/olfaction

Answer 7

orthonasal
- direct to your nasal passage, what you use to sniff

retronasal
- odorants pass from your throat back up to your nasal passage

Question 8

olfactory cleft

Answer 8

a narrow space at the back of the nose where air and odorants flows

Question 9

olfactory epithelium

Answer 9

a mucous membrane in the cleft that detects odorants in the air

transduction happens here

Question 10

3 cell types in the olfactory epithelium

Answer 10

olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)
- transductors

supporting cells
- metabolic and physical support

basal cells
- cells that will eventually become OSNs

Question 11

OSNs have cilia as well, defined as …

Answer 11

extend surface area for chemical receptors that odorants can bind to

Question 12

you need _____ molecules/odorants binding to a receptor to initiate an action potential

Answer 12

several!

Question 13

axons from OSNs pass through bony _______ _____ and form olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I)

Answer 13

cribriform plate

Question 14

after the cribriform plate, the smell pathway continues in the ____ _____

Answer 14

olfactory bulbs

Question 15

olfactory bulbs

Answer 15

one per side of nose and brain

ipsilateral

Question 16

anosmia

Answer 16

the loss of smell

Question 17

OSNs converge on ________ based on shared receptor types in the olfactory bulb

Answer 17

glomeruli

Question 18

rule of 1-1-1

Answer 18

each OSN has 1 receptor type, which responds to 1 odorant, and all of that type converge on 1 glomerulus

Question 19

despite the 1-1-1 rule and only 1000 receptor types, we can detect over ________ smells

Answer 19

one trillion

Question 20

without a particular receptor, or if it becomes faulty, can have _____ ______ for that odorant

Answer 20

specific anosmia

Question 21

general order in depth (shallow to deep) for later olfactory bulb cells is…

Answer 21

tufted –> mitral –> granule

Question 22

tufted and mitral cells code for …

Answer 22

more specific odors and send that info on to brain

Question 23

granule cells act as …

Answer 23

lateral inhibition circuit

Question 24

the deeper you go in the olfactory bulb, the more _____ you get

Answer 24

specific

Question 25

smell signals sent to the ____ ____ _____ which includes portions of the limbic system

Answer 25

primary olfactory cortex

Question 26

main feature of the limbic system

Answer 26

amygdala - emotion

Question 27

orbitofrontal cortex (what is this part of?)

Answer 27

bottom part of front of your brain portions if this are **secondary olfactory cortex**

Question 28

secondary olfactory cortex

Answer 28

support your conscious perception of smell as well as assigns affective value to it

Question 29

smell is the only sense that doesn't use the ______

Answer 29

thalamus!

Question 30

why do some smells "hurt"?

Answer 30

nociceptors throughout your nose and eyes can respond to odorants too and produce pain sensations

Question 31

shape-pattern theory

Answer 31

scents have different *odorant shapes* that can **bind to multiple odorant receptors** in a particular pattern different odorants combine with receptors, bind in pattern that can result in different smells

Question 32

stereoisomers (what is this evidence for?)

Answer 32

molecules that are mirror images of each other evidence for temporal component!

Question 33

smell depends on the pattern of _____ and _____ that odorants bind in

Answer 33

shape; order

Question 34

we almost always smell _______ of odorants

Answer 34

mixtures

Question 35

olfaction is a _______ sense

Answer 35

synthetic (mixture)

Question 36

how are hearing and smell similar?

Answer 36

both have an element of timbre!

Question 37

3 things involved in olfaction

Answer 37

detection discrimination recognition

Question 38

can detection with smell be trained?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

how to test olfactory detection thresholds

Answer 39

staircase method - smell concentrations that have an ascending or descending amount of an odorant - mark where person detects or stops detecting odor

Question 40

what is the staircase method similar to?

Answer 40

method of limits!!

Question 41

how to test olfactory discrimination?

Answer 41

triangle test - give 3 mixtures, 2 are the same and 1 is the outlier, see how accurate they are in picking out the odd one

Question 42

triangle test is similar to ...

Answer 42

the vision phenomenon where if your culture has a name for different shades of a color, they will pick out the difference easier than cultures who don't discriminate between those shades

Question 43

we are good at being able to ______ a smell but not _____ a smell (why?)

Answer 43

identify; name why: smell is processed on the right side of the brain while language is on the left

Question 44

smell is not integrated with other _____ in the thalamus

Answer 44

senses

Question 45

smell adaption

Answer 45

short term more sensitive to change can result in cross-adaption, where one smell blocks the detection of another

Question 46

cognitive habitutation

Answer 46

long term ex. becoming used to the smell of your pet around the house

Question 47

_______ enhances smell detection

Answer 47

attention

Question 48

you cannot _____ ___ ______ in your sleep

Answer 48

attend to smell

Question 49

memory card game example with smell

Answer 49

when learning a memory game, you are exposed to a certain odor when sleeping that night, you are either exposed to the same odor, a different odor, or no odor at all while being asked to retrieve those memories of the game the next day, people exposed to the same odor while sleeping did better than those exposed to a differing odor or no odor while sleeping **shows smells during sleep can enhance associated memories**

Question 50

odor hedonics

Answer 50

the dimension of odor that involves liking and familiarity interacts with intensity

Question 51

whats more intense: the same amount of a pleasant smell or an unpleasant smell?

Answer 51

unpleasant smell

Question 52

like hearing; smell perception is not the direct product of the _____ _______

Answer 52

physical dimensions

Question 53

4 factors that impact your threshold for smells

Answer 53

age sex hormones experience

Question 54

smell loss can be an early sign of ...

Answer 54

neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's