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Perception 351 > Smell > Flashcards

Smell Flashcards

1
Q

odor

A

the translation of a chemical stimulus to smell sensation

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2
Q

odorant

A

the actual molecule(s) that capable of being translated into smell

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3
Q

odorants must be (3 things)

A

volatile (able to float through air)
small
hydrophobic (repellent to water)

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4
Q

you don’t smell ___ despite it constantly filling your nose qualifying

A

air

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5
Q

not perceiving particular odorants may be a mix of (3 things)

A

evolution, genetics, habituation

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6
Q

primary purpose of your nose

A

to let you breathe while filtering and warming that air

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7
Q

2 paths for air/olfaction

A

orthonasal
- direct to your nasal passage, what you use to sniff

retronasal
- odorants pass from your throat back up to your nasal passage

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8
Q

olfactory cleft

A

a narrow space at the back of the nose where air and odorants flows

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9
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

a mucous membrane in the cleft that detects odorants in the air

transduction happens here

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10
Q

3 cell types in the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)
- transductors

supporting cells
- metabolic and physical support

basal cells
- cells that will eventually become OSNs

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11
Q

OSNs have cilia as well, defined as …

A

extend surface area for chemical receptors that odorants can bind to

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12
Q

you need _____ molecules/odorants binding to a receptor to initiate an action potential

A

several!

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13
Q

axons from OSNs pass through bony _______ _____ and form olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I)

A

cribriform plate

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14
Q

after the cribriform plate, the smell pathway continues in the ____ _____

A

olfactory bulbs

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15
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

one per side of nose and brain

ipsilateral

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16
Q

anosmia

A

the loss of smell

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17
Q

OSNs converge on ________ based on shared receptor types in the olfactory bulb

A

glomeruli

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18
Q

rule of 1-1-1

A

each OSN has 1 receptor type, which responds to 1 odorant, and all of that type converge on 1 glomerulus

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19
Q

despite the 1-1-1 rule and only 1000 receptor types, we can detect over ________ smells

A

one trillion

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20
Q

without a particular receptor, or if it becomes faulty, can have _____ ______ for that odorant

A

specific anosmia

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21
Q

general order in depth (shallow to deep) for later olfactory bulb cells is…

A

tufted –> mitral –> granule

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22
Q

tufted and mitral cells code for …

A

more specific odors and send that info on to brain

23
Q

granule cells act as …

A

lateral inhibition circuit

24
Q

the deeper you go in the olfactory bulb, the more _____ you get

A

specific

25
Q

smell signals sent to the ____ ____ _____ which includes portions of the limbic system

A

primary olfactory cortex

26
Q

main feature of the limbic system

A

amygdala - emotion

27
Q

orbitofrontal cortex (what is this part of?)

A

bottom part of front of your brain

portions if this are secondary olfactory cortex

28
Q

secondary olfactory cortex

A

support your conscious perception of smell as well as assigns affective value to it

29
Q

smell is the only sense that doesn’t use the ______

A

thalamus!

30
Q

why do some smells “hurt”?

A

nociceptors throughout your nose and eyes can respond to odorants too and produce pain sensations

31
Q

shape-pattern theory

A

scents have different odorant shapes that can bind to multiple odorant receptors in a particular pattern

different odorants combine with receptors, bind in pattern that can result in different smells

32
Q

stereoisomers (what is this evidence for?)

A

molecules that are mirror images of each other

evidence for temporal component!

33
Q

smell depends on the pattern of _____ and _____ that odorants bind in

A

shape; order

34
Q

we almost always smell _______ of odorants

A

mixtures

35
Q

olfaction is a _______ sense

A

synthetic (mixture)

36
Q

how are hearing and smell similar?

A

both have an element of timbre!

37
Q

3 things involved in olfaction

A

detection
discrimination
recognition

38
Q

can detection with smell be trained?

A

yes

39
Q

how to test olfactory detection thresholds

A

staircase method
- smell concentrations that have an ascending or descending amount of an odorant
- mark where person detects or stops detecting odor

40
Q

what is the staircase method similar to?

A

method of limits!!

41
Q

how to test olfactory discrimination?

A

triangle test
- give 3 mixtures, 2 are the same and 1 is the outlier, see how accurate they are in picking out the odd one

42
Q

triangle test is similar to …

A

the vision phenomenon where if your culture has a name for different shades of a color, they will pick out the difference easier than cultures who don’t discriminate between those shades

43
Q

we are good at being able to ______ a smell but not _____ a smell (why?)

A

identify; name

why: smell is processed on the right side of the brain while language is on the left

44
Q

smell is not integrated with other _____ in the thalamus

A

senses

45
Q

smell adaption

A

short term

more sensitive to change

can result in cross-adaption, where one smell blocks the detection of another

46
Q

cognitive habitutation

A

long term

ex. becoming used to the smell of your pet around the house

47
Q

_______ enhances smell detection

A

attention

48
Q

you cannot _____ ___ ______ in your sleep

A

attend to smell

49
Q

memory card game example with smell

A

when learning a memory game, you are exposed to a certain odor

when sleeping that night, you are either exposed to the same odor, a different odor, or no odor at all

while being asked to retrieve those memories of the game the next day, people exposed to the same odor while sleeping did better than those exposed to a differing odor or no odor while sleeping

shows smells during sleep can enhance associated memories

50
Q

odor hedonics

A

the dimension of odor that involves liking and familiarity

interacts with intensity

51
Q

whats more intense: the same amount of a pleasant smell or an unpleasant smell?

A

unpleasant smell

52
Q

like hearing; smell perception is not the direct product of the _____ _______

A

physical dimensions

53
Q

4 factors that impact your threshold for smells

A

age
sex
hormones
experience

54
Q

smell loss can be an early sign of …

A

neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

Perception 351 (21 decks)

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