Mutation Flashcards
(66 cards)
is a change in a DNA sequence that often contributes to diversity among organisms
mutation
Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during (4)
cell division
exposure to ionizing radiation
exposure to mutagens
infection by viruses
is the process of altering a DNA sequence that range from a single base, to deletion or duplication of ten, hundreds or even millions of bases, to missing or addition of entire chromosomes.
mutation
Genes and chromosomes can mutate in somatic tissue
somatic mutations
Genes and chromosomes can mutate in either germinal tissue
germinal mutation
the change occurs during the DNA replication that precedes meiosis
germline mutation
The resulting gamete and all the cells that descend from it after fertilization have the mutation—that is, every cell in the body.
germline mutation
happens during DNA replication before a mitotic cell division
somatic mutation
are more likely to occur in cells that divide often, such as hair root cells, because there are more opportunities for replication errors.
somatic mutations
Somatic mutations are more likely to occur in cells that divide often, such as __ ___ cells, because there are more opportunities for replication errors.
hair root
Mutagenesis may occur (2)
spontaneously
induced
can happens naturally during normal cellular processes.
spontaneous mutation
A spontaneous mutation may be due to a mistake during
DNA replication
A mutation caused by an environmental factor, or mutagen, is known as an
induced mutation
typical mutagens include
chemicals
radiation
chemical mutagens
nitrous acid
formaldehyde
ethylethane
sulphonate
radiation mutagens example
X-rays
UV light
nuclear radiation (physical mutagens)
may cause bonding between the adjacent nucleotides on one strand of DNA molecule.
UV radiation
this prohibits normal bonding between complementary nucleotides of the opposing strand. This causes a bulge in the DNA double helix.
bonding between adjacent nucleotides due to UV radiation
is a change in a single nucleotide in DNA.
gene mutations
It is usually less deleterious than chromosomal aberrations.
gene mutation
a purine replaces a pyrimidine, or vice versa;
transversion
a purine replaces a purine or a pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine.
transition
gene mutation include what kind of mutation
same/silent
missense
nonsense mutation
