MYCO Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
Study of fungi
A
MYCOLOGY
2
Q
fungi are
a. eukaryote
b. prokaryote
A
a. Eukaryote (have true nucleus)
3
Q
characteristic of fungi that became the reason why nourishment must come from environment
A
Achlorophyllous (lack chlorophyll)
4
Q
fungi are
a. anaerobes
b. facultative anaerobes
c. obligate aerobes
A
c. obligate aerobes
5
Q
fungi that said to inhabit water, soil and decaying organic debri
A
Saprophytic
6
Q
fungi are said belong to plant kingdom without roots and stems
A
Thallophytes
7
Q
composition of fungi’s cell wall
A
Chitin
*resembles keratin as to function (provides protection) but not as to composition
8
Q
composition of fungi’s cell membrane
A
Ergosterol
9
Q
required for fungi for growth
A
moisture (↑ humidity)
10
Q
fungi are
a. fast growers
b. slow growers
A
b. slow growers
11
Q
T/F
Fungi may exhibit monomorphism or dimorphism
A
T
12
Q
Existing only as yeast or mold
A
Monomorphic
13
Q
Existing either as yeast or mold
A
Dimorphic (temp. dependent)
14
Q
2 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL FORMS OF FUNGI
A
yeast
mold
15
Q
Unicellular morph form of fungi
A
YEAST
16
Q
Morph form of fungi that mostly reproduce asexually by budding
A
YEAST
17
Q
colonies of yeast
A
moist creamy, opaque, pasty
(resembles bacterial colonies)
18
Q
what is required for yeast ID
A
physiologic/biochem tests since most yeast spp. has similar microscopic and colonial morphology
19
Q
morph form of fungi that grows at 37C
A
yeast
20
Q
morph form of fungi that grows at room temp
A
mold
21
Q
Multicellular, filamentous morph form of fungi
A
MOLD
22
Q
colonies of mold
A
fluffy, cottony, woolly or powdery
23
Q
fundamental microscopic unit of fungi
A
Hyphae
24
Q
Function of hyphae
A
absorption of nutrients from environment
25
mass of countless hyphae
Mycelium
26
PARTS of mycelium
Vegetative mycelium (thallus)
Aerial mycelium (reproductive)
27
part of mycelium that penetrates the surface medium, absorbs nutrients
Vegetative mycelium (thallus)
28
part of mycelium that extends above the surface; contains fruiting bodies that produces spores
Aerial mycelium (reproductive)
29
structures for reproduction
spores
30
Types of Hyphae
Aseptate (coenocytic)
Septate
Spiral (coiled hyphae)
Nodular bodies
Racquet
Pectinate body
Favic chandelier/antler
31
no cross walls
Aseptate (coenocytic)
32
divided into cells by crosswalls
Septate
33
ex. of aseptated
Zygomycetes (group Zygomycota)
34
ex. of septated
All except Zygomycetes
35
Spirally coiled type of hyphae
Spiral (coiled hyphae)
36
type of hyphae with club-shaped areas
Racquet
37
Enlargement in the mycelium
that consists of closely twisted
hyphae
Nodular bodies
38
type of hyphae that is short, unilateral projections from hyphae; broken-comb like
Pectinate body
39
type of hyphae that is curved, freely branching; resembles antlers of the dee
Favic chandelier/antler
40
ex. of fungi with spiral or coiled hyphae
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
41
ex. of fungi with nodular bodies
Microsporum canis
42
ex. of fungi with racquet hyphae
Epidermophyton floccosum
43
ex. of fungi with pectinate body
Microsporum audouinii
44
ex. of fungi with Favic chandelier/antler
T. schoenleinii
T. violaceum
45
fungi that produces both sexual and asexual spores
Synanomorphs/polymorph (perfect fungi)
46
fungi that produces only 1 type of spores
Imperfect fungi
47
fungi that produces only SEXUAL spores
Teleomorph
48
fungi that produces only ASEXUAL spores
Anamorph
49
process of SEXUAL spores formation
meiosis; result of nuclear fusion
50
process of ASEXUAL spores formation
mitosis; without nuclear fusion
51
enumerate sexual spores
Ascospores
Basidiospores
Zygospores
Oospores
52
Spores formed within ASCUS (SAC-LIKE structure); Produced in a fixed number of 8
Ascospores
53
Spores formed within BASIDIUM (CLUB-SHAPED structure)
Basidiospores
54
Formed from the union of 2 undifferentiated/identical hyphal cells
Zygospores
55
Formed from the union of 2 differentiated/non-identical hyphal cells
Oospores
56
enumerate ASEXUAL spores
Conidia
Sporangiospores
57
asexual spores produced singly or in groups attached by specialized vegetative hyphal strands called conidiophores
Conidia
58
unicellular, pyriform, elliptoid shaped conidia
Microconidia
59
larger, multicellular, spindle-shaped conidia
Macroconidia
60
enumerate conidia
Arthroconidia
Blastoconidia
Chlamydoconidia
61
conidia formed through hyphae fragmentation
Arthroconidia (Arthrospore)
62
conidia formed through budding
Blastoconidia
(Blastospore)
63
conidia formed from hyphae enlargement
Chlamydoconidia
(Chlamydospore)
64
ex. of Arthroconidia (Arthrospore)
Trichosporon
Geotrichum
Coccidiodes
65
ex. of Blastoconidia (Blastospore)
Candida
66
ex. of Chlamydoconidia (Chlamydospore)
Candida
67
parts of chlamydoconidia
Intercalary - within
Sessile - sides/lateral
Terminal - end
68
formed within a sporangium
Sporangiospores
69
ex of Sporangiospores
Zygomycetes
70
4 groups of fungi accdg to phylum
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota
71
aka Conjugation fungi
Zygomycota
72
aka Sac fungi
Ascomycota
73
aka Club fungi
Basidiomycota
74
aka Fungi imperfecti
Deuteromycota
75
genera under Zygomycota
Mucor
Rhizopus
Absidia
76
genera under Ascomycota
Aspergillus (opportunistic)
Saccharomyces
Histoplasma capsulatum (causes systemic mycoses)
77
genera under Basidiomycota
C. neoformans (opportunistic)
78
genera under Deuteromycota
Dermatophytes
Fusarium
79
T/F
Spx collection for fungal ID thru swabbing is ACCEPTABLE
F
inadequate
80
All spx for fungi ID are refrigerated for a short period in case of delay except:
skin specimen
blood
CSF
81
spx collected using a fine needle; inoculated at bedside for fungal detection
Corneal scrapings
82
spx collected by aspiration; use of cotton swabs may give false + microscopic results
Pus
83
Most common specimen for fungal detection and ID
Respiratory tract secretions (sputum, bronchial washing & lavage)
84
Respiratory tract secretions are collected to recover these types of fungal agents
fungal agents causing systemic mycoses like H. capsulatum
85
spx for suspected fungal meningitis
CSF
86
CSF is for the detection of fungal meningitis caused by
C. neoformans (opportunistic, in immunocompromised)
87
how is CSF for fungal ID processed?
either thru filtration or sedimentation
88
pore diameter used to filter CSF for fungal ID
0.45 um
89
sedimentation process of CSF for fungal ID is done thru
centri
Sediments – for smear prep and culture
Supernatant – for serology
90
spx for fungal ID to r/o disseminated infections
Blood
91
spx that relies on the use of BACTEC
blood
92
specific type of fungi recovered using lysis centrifugation system of BLOOD
dimorphic fungi
93
a process performed in BLOOD spx for fungi ID that is necessary because many fungi are intracellular
lysis centrifugation system
94
allowable transportation duration of vaginal & urine spx
within 24 hrs
95
vaginal secretions are specifically screened for
yeast
96
temp and days of vaginal secretion incubation
30°C for 7 days
97
spx for the recovery of dermatophytes
Hair, Skin, Nails
98
Hair, Skin, Nails are spx used to recover and detect..
dermatophytes (causes cutaenous mycoses)
99
How is hair collected for dermatophytes recovery
Infected hairs may be plucked using forceps. Those hairs that fluoresce under Wood’s lamp may be selectively plucked. Hairs may be collected in sterilized paper envelopes
100
How is skin surface lesion collected for dermatophytes recovery
Skin surface must be disinfected with spirit before collection. The advancing edge of the lesion is scraped with the help of a blunt forceps and collected in sterilized paper envelopes
101
How is nail collected for dermatophytes recovery
Discolored or hyperkeratotic areas of nail may be scraped or diseased nail clipping may be collected in sterilized paper envelopes
102
how are Tissue, Bone Marrow, Sterile Body Fluids processed for fungi detection? what is the reason for doing that?
minced or use high speed blender
REASON: obtain cytoplasmic tissue content
103
where are tissue samples inoculated for fungi ID
inoculated on agar, NOT ON BROTH
104
Simplest method for direct examination of specimen for fungal ID
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
105
T/F
Direct examination of specimens could be stained or unstained.
T
106
used to observe clinical specimens for the presence of fungal elements or to identifify the fungus following culture
Microscopy
107
enumerate TEMPORARY mounts
10-20% KOH
Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB)
India Ink/ Nigrosin
Calcofluor white stain
108
enumerate PERMANENT mounts
Gram stain (Hucker modif.)
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
Gomori Methenamine silver (GMS)
Acid Fast (Kinyoun’s)
Giemsa or Wright’s
Acridine orange
Fontana Masson
H&E
Mayer’s Mucicarmine
Gridley’s stain
109
Dissolves non-fungal materials - make fungal structures visible
NOT for sterile spx
10-20% KOH
110
a clearing agent; heat can increase clearing rate
10-20% KOH
111
KOH conc for skin and hair
10%
112
KOH conc for nails
20%
113
temporary mount for hair, skin, and nails
10-20% KOH
114
both a preservative and stain
Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB)
115
Most widely used staining method for fungi
Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB)
116
Components of LPCB and their function
Lactic acid – preservative
Phenol – killing agent
Cotton blue – stain
117
used to demonstrate capsule of C. neoformans
India Ink/ Nigrosin
118
a negative stain → result: colorless
*only the bg is stained, not the organism
*in histopath: it is an intravital stain
India Ink/ Nigrosin
119
used to demonstrate chitin
Calcofluor white stain
120
Best stain for direct microscopy
Calcofluor white stain
121
a fluorchrome dye for chitin demonst.
Calcofluor white stain
122
result of fungi in gram stain
gram +
123
what is hucker modification
(V[+AO] IAS)
* Crystal Violet + ammonium oxalate
* Iodine (mordant)
* Alcohol/acetone (decolorizer)
* Safranin (counterstain)
124
Stains fungi in tissues/histologic sec.
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
Gomori Methenamine silver (GMS)
125
demonstrate details of fungal elements; a histologic stain
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
126
In PAS
color of tissue with fungi and bg
Tissue w/ fungi: pink-red, bright magenta
Bg: green
127
used to demonstrate melanin
Gomori Methenamine silver (GMS)
128
GMS is used to detect these fungi
Candida
Aspergillus
129
BEST permanent mount
Essential for tissue pathology
Gomori Methenamine silver (GMS)
130
why is GMS essential for tissue pathology
Candida and Aspergillus may be missed in H&E
131
in GMS,
what is the color of outline, internal, and bg
Outline: Brown to black
Internal: Pink black
Bg: Light green
132
stain used to detect Blastomyces dermatitidis (agent of systemic mycoses) and Nocardia (branching bacteria)
Acid Fast
(Kinyoun’s)
133
stain to demonstrate yeast of H. capsulatum
Giemsa or Wright’s
134
wright's stain is specifically used for:
giemsa stain is specifically used for:
Used in hematology:
Wright’s – blood cells
Giemsa – blood parasite
135
stain to demonstrate Malassezia furfur (agent of tinea/pityriasis versicolor – “an an”)
Acridine orange
136
Using acridine orange,
what is the color of M. furfur and epithelial cells
Fungi (M. furfur): Green fluorescence
Epithelial cells: Orange
137
Stains that detects hyphal pigmentation
Fontana Masson
H&E
138
Stains that differentiates hyaline from dematiaceous
Fontana Masson
H&E
139
nonpigmented or lightly pigmented structure using fontana masson and H&E
Hyaline
140
darkly pigmented structure using fontana masson and H&E
Dematiaceous
141
stain used to demonstrate C. neoformans
Mayer’s Mucicarmine
142
stain that stains hyphae and yeasts dark blue-pink
Gridley’s stain
143
what is the resulting colors if Gridley’s stain is used?
Hyphae, yeasts: Dark blue-pink
Tissues: Deep blue
Bg: Yellow
144
incubation temp of plates for fungi culture
ambient air at 25-30°C (RT)
145
culture for fungi ID is held for?
30 days
*should not be discarded for 4-6 weeks (slow growers)
146
fungi are handled using what class of BSC
Class II BSC
147
common antibacterial agents added in at least 1 culture medium for fungi to prevent contaminant rapid overgrowth
Chloramphenicol (inhibit bacterial growth)
Cycloheximide (for saprophytic fungi)
148
process that is demonstrated in vitro for dimorphic fungi ID
Mold → yeast phase
149
T/F
Fungi are identified on the basis of colony morphology (including pigmentation) and microscopic observation by tease-mount preparation or slide culture technique
T
150
general purpose media for fungi
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA)
151
media used for initial isolation of fungi
SDA
152
pH of SDA
5-6
153
SCREENING media for dermatophytes
Dermatophyte test medium (DTM)
154
indicator used by DTM
phenol red
155
media used for dermatophytes recovery
Mycosel or Mycobiotic agar
*DTM is for screening dermatophytes
156
composition of Mycosel or Mycobiotic agar
SDA + chloramphenicol + cycloheximide
157
Stimulate chlamydospore formation of C. albicans
Cornmeal agar
158
media for isolation of Aspergillus
Czapek agar
159
media for C. neoformans isolation
Niger seed agar/Bird seed agar or Staib’s medium
160
resulting color of C. neoformans in Niger seed agar/Bird seed agar or Staib’s medium? it is due to?
BROWN pigment due to phenol oxidase
161
media used to demo T. rubrum (+) red pigment production from T. mentagrophyte (–)
Potato dextrose agar
162
Media used to differentiate M. audouinii (- growth) from M. canis (+ growth)
Rice medium
163
a biochem test media → UREASE TEST
Urea agar
164
agar used to differentiate T. mentagrophytes (+) from T. rubrum (-)
ID Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Rhodotorula spp.
Urea agar
165
General media for yeast spp
Brain Heart Infusion agar
166
media for Nocardia
Casein Medium
167
media for M. furfur
Malt extract agar
168
media for the recovery of saprobic and pathogenic fungi
Potato flake agar
169
NOT a fungal media
Hay infusion agar
170
done to supplement microscopy and culture of fungi
Special tests
171
enumerate special tests for fungi
Hair perforation or Baiting test
Rapid Urease test
L-DOPA ferric citrate test
Germ tube test
Exoantigen test
Temperature studies
Carbohydrate Assimilation test
172
what organisms are differentiated in hair perforation/baiting test? what are the results?
T. mentagrophytes (+)
T. rubrum (-)
173
positive result of hair perforation/baiting test
V-shaped/conical hair perforation
*microscopic observation of hair strands
174
what is differentiated in Rapid Urease test? what are the results?
T. mentagrophytes (+)
T. rubrum (-)
Candida krusei (+)
All Candida are urease (-)
175
positive result of rapid urease test
Pink to purple color
176
positive and negative control used in rapid urease test
Positive control = C. neoformans
Negative control = C. albicans
177
test used for RAPID ID of C. neoformans (produce phenol oxidase)
L-DOPA ferric citrate test
178
L-DOPA is used for ID of what fungi
C. neoformans
179
positive result of L-DOPA ferric citrate test
Black color
180
Presumptive test for C. albicans
*Germ tube test
181
Germ tube test is for what fungi
C. albicans
C. dubliniensis
182
How is germ tube test performed?
✓ Transfer loopful of colonies into the tube
✓ Add 0.5 mL serum
✓ Incubate at 37C for 3 hours
✓ Transfer a drop into the slide → perform MICROSCOPY
183
positive result of germ tube test
Germ tubes appearance (resembles sperm cells; finger/hyphae-like extension of young yeast cells)
184
A microdiffusion test for serologic confirmation of systemic fungi (+) result presence of precipitin bands
Exoantigen test
185
positive result of exoantigen test
precipitin bands
186
what fungi are detected in exoantigen test
confirmation of systemic fungi
- Cocciodes immitis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
187
Exoantigen test:
antigens in presence of Coccidiodes immitis
CF, TP, HL
188
Exoantigen test:
antigens in presence of Histoplasma capsulatum
H or M band (both)
189
Exoantigen test:
antigens in presence of Blastomyces dermatitidis
A band
190
fungi observed using temperature studies? what is the positive result?
C. albicans (+)
C. dubliniensis (–)
C. neoformans (–)
Growth at 42°C
191
For ID of yeast isolate which is free from carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Assimilation test
192
Manual process of Carbohydrate Assimilation test
Nitrogen base agar (plated)
Place yeast suspension on agar surface
Allow to dry
Place comm. prepared disk w/ impregnated carbohydrate
Incubate at 30C for 24 hr
193
positive result of Carbohydrate Assimilation test
Growth around the disk
*Indicative of the yeast capability to utilize a particular carbohydrate as a sole source of carbon
194
general techniques for fungi ID
microscopic
culture
serology
antigen detection
skin tests
molecular techniques
195
Detection of this is helpful in diagnosis of sub-cutaneous and systemic mycoses, prognosis, and response to anti-fungal drugs
anti-fungal antibody (serology)
196
Different serologic techniques for anti-fungal Ab detection
agglutination
immunodiffusion
counterimmunoelectrophoresis
complement fixation test
immunofluorescence
RIA
ELISA
197
Particularly useful in the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis from CSF spx.
ANTIGEN DETECTION
198
fungi detected using SEROLOGICAL TESTS
1. Blastomyces (agent of systemic mycoses)
2. Histoplasma (agent of systemic mycoses)
3. Cryptococcus (opportunistic)
4. Aspergillus (opportunistic)
199
ANTIGEN DETECTION of fungi is performed by using these tests
Latex Agglutination or Immunodiffusion tests
200
Helpful in the detection of Aspergillus and Candida antigens in systemic infections
ANTIGEN DETECTION
201
used to demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity rxn to fungal antigens
skin tests
202
T/F
A positive skin test does not necessarily indicate an active infection; it only indicates sensitization of the individual
T
203
a fungi detection technique that has an epidemiologic value than diagnosis
skin tests
* positive skin test does not necessarily indicate an active infection; it only indicates
sensitization of the individual
204
Skin tests may be performed in these cases
Histoplasmosis
Candidiasis
Sporotrichosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis
Paracoccidiodomycosis
Dermatophytosis
205
A newer molecular technique for fungi ID
DNA hybridization
206
useful in dx of mycoses in a shorter period and detect those fungi that are difficult or dangerous to cultivate in vitro
PCR
207
T/F
molecular techniques may not be available for all fungi
T
208
Rapid Urease Producers (Bacteria)
Proteus
Providencia
Morganella
209
negative urease test result
yellow/orange
