Natural Selection Exam

Question 1

Fossils

Answer 1

some sort of preserved remain of a life form

ex. amber, tar, ice/frozen, sedimentary rock, petrification

Question 2

petrification

Answer 2

when a structure trapped in sediment is replaced by minerals

Question 3

panagea

Answer 3

super-continent existing about 200 million years ago. separation example of gradualism

Question 4

paleontology

Answer 4

the study of fossils (plants, animals, etc)

Question 5

relative dating

Answer 5

estimates the age of a fossil based on its placement in a layering of rock

Question 6

radioactive/radiometric dating

Answer 6

uses mathematical formulas to study the amount of radioactive isotopes in a fossil

Question 7

half life

Answer 7

the amount of time it takes a half radioactive isotope to decay into a new stable element

Question 8

C-14/U-238

Answer 8

Used to study recent bones, becomes N in 5730 years

Used to study petrification, becomes Pb in 4.5 billion years

Question 9

Jean Baptiste Lamark

Answer 9

A scientist who tried to explain how modern life forms differed from fossils

Question 10

inheritance of acquired traits

Answer 10

Lamark’s idea that when an organism uses or doesn’t use a certain body part, it will develop certain characteristics and also passes these characteristic tot heir offspring.
ex. kangaroo, giraffe

Question 11

use and disuse

Answer 11

inheritance of acquired traits

Question 12

Lyell

Answer 12

Scientist who’s book and theories influenced Darwin

Question 13

gradualism

Answer 13

the theory that the Earth has been slowly shaped by natural forces
ex. continental drift, canyons (erosion), volcanoes

Question 14

continental drift

Answer 14

example of gradualism, panagea gradually separating

Question 15

Thomas Malthus

Answer 15

Believed that human suffering (like famine) was due to the fact that populations grow faster than resources (crops) can be produced.

Question 16

artificial selection

Answer 16

when humans control who reproduce

ex. horses (race vs work), dogs, plants

Question 17

Darwin

Answer 17

father of evolution, famous naturalist, whose trip on the HMS beagle brought him to the Galapagos Islands.Originally was a natural theology major in college and was going to be a doctor but couldn’t take surgery.

Question 18

Galapagos Islands

Answer 18

Islands that Darwin studied the animals and observed the similarities and differences from those of South America.

Question 19

Natural Selection

Answer 19

the process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring on average than do other individuals
ex. light vs dark rats, finches, moths

Question 20

Evolution

Answer 20

all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time

descent with modification or changes in the occurrences of genetic traits in a population due to natural selection resulting in the transformation of all life over long periods of time

Question 21

remodeling

Answer 21

listen 3:00

Question 22

adaptation

Answer 22

an inherited characteristic that improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

a trait that allows an organism to survive in its environment.

example:
Galapagos Finches
Jack rabbit: fur blends well in desert

Question 23

homeotic genes

Answer 23

regions od DNA that are responsible for turning on and off other genes. They regulate the timing of gene activities by making regulatory proteins that turn genes on.
ex. srY genes: determine the gender of baby

Question 24

Vestigial Structures

Answer 24

remnant of a structure that may have had a larger function in a species ancestors but has a lesser function today.

ex. whales w/hipbones

Question 25

comparative biochemistry

Answer 25

comparing the species of a similar organism

Question 26

homologous structure

Answer 26

similar structures in a species that share a common ancestor have a slight modification

Question 27

pesticide resistance

Answer 27

a pesticide kills most of the bugs, but there is usually a survivor. That survivor reproduces and usually passes on the trait for pesticide resistance. This is why farmers change pesticides every few years.

Question 28

antibiotic resistance

Answer 28

Not taking an antibiotic for the allotted period of time will not kill all the bacteria. The bacteria left will reproduce and be resistant to that antibiotic, causing a need for new and expensive antibiotics

Question 29

peppered moths

Answer 29

Industrial Revolution caused pollution, which led to the environment turning black. At the time there were 2 moths, black and white. The white were surviving before but now nature was selecting the black one, due to its ability to blend into the dark forest.

Question 30

Malaria Resistance

Answer 30

Those who are carriers of sickle cell are malaria resistant, advantageous trait where malaria is prominent

Question 31

HIV/CCR5

Answer 31

people who are HIV resistant are missing a CCR5 protein on their cells (the doorknob)

Question 32

lactose intolerant

Answer 32

disadvantage

Question 33

Taxonomy

Answer 33

the study of naming all organisms and placing them in groups

Question 34

Taxon

Answer 34

a level, one step, 1 layer of taxonomy

Question 35

Linneaus

Answer 35

the father of taxonomy.

Question 36

binomial nomenclature

Answer 36

Linneaus developed a 2 part name, or binomial. The first part is the genus and the second is the species

Question 37

Scientific Name

Answer 37

the 2 names used global to refer to a life form

Question 38

Classification hierarchy

Answer 38

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 39

Human classification

Answer 39

the part of taxonomy where life forms are grouped with others with similar ancestry or appearance

Question 40

Domains

Answer 40

archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes

Question 41

convergent evolution

Answer 41

organisms who aren't closely related look the same because it benefits them in their environment. Similar adaptations that will help them survive the same environment

Question 42

caldogram

Answer 42

a phylogenetic diagram that specifies unique features | ex. in book shows animals with backbones

Question 43

analogous traits

Answer 43

similar adaptations that result from convergent evolution | ex. wings of insects and birds

Question 44

spontaneous generation

Answer 44

In the middle ages, people accepted that life forms could arise spontaneously from non-life. ex. a scientist showed if you mix wheat and sweaty underwear in a jar you would make mice

Question 45

Redi

Answer 45

proved that maggots came from flies laying eggs on the meat First to disprove spontaneous generation. His experiment had 3 jars with meat in it. One jar sealed close, one open, and the last was covered in netting. The one without the lid had maggots, both of the other none

Question 46

Pastuer

Answer 46

proved that bacteria in the air caused things to mold also disproved spontaneous fertilization. Boiled meat broth in flask until it became pliable, and bent it into the shape of an s, which allowed air to enter the flasks but airborne microorganisms couldn't. No microorganism grew until he tilted the flask so the microorganisms could settle

Question 47

Panspermia

Answer 47

Cricks theory that some organic monomers could come from space on meteorites which could have helped make the first cell

Question 48

Big Bang

Answer 48

Theory that the universe began as a burst of fireworks, those bursts were the beginning of time

Question 49

Lemaitre

Answer 49

A catholic priest who traveled with Einstein and theorized the Big Bang

Question 50

Miller

Answer 50

his experiment showed how organic compounds first formed on earth from the atmosphere

Question 51

JPL polymers

Answer 51

Attempted to make polymers in experiment needed monomers, energy (heat), catalyst (clay).

Question 52

Pre-cells

Answer 52

non-living cells. They are composed of polypeptides and RNA surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane

Question 53

Anaerobe

Answer 53

an organism that doesn't need oxygen to survive

Question 54

microfossils

Answer 54

very small fossil that can only be viewed with a microscope.