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ATSEP Basic > NAV > Flashcards

NAV Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

State the importance of navigation in aviation

A

Navigation in aviation allows an aircraft to travel from point A to B safely without getting lost.

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2
Q

List two navigation methods a non-instrument rated pilot flying a small aircraft could use

A

Visual Navigation / VFR (Visual Flight Rules) and Satellite Navigation / GNSS

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3
Q

Describe the shape of the earth

A

The earth can best be described as an Oblate Spheroid.

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4
Q

Define East in terms of Earth’s axial rotation

A

East is the direction of the Earth’s axial rotation.

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5
Q

Describe an Earth meridian

A

An Earth meridian is an imaginary arc on the Earth’s surface from the North Pole to the South Pole.

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6
Q

Define the Equator

A

The Equator is the intersection of the Earth’s surface with the plane perpendicular to the Earth’s axis midway between the poles and an imaginary line on the Earth’s surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole.

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7
Q

Describe how a 2D position on a globe is represented

A

A 2D position on a globe is described by Latitude and Longitude.

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8
Q

Define undulation

A

Undulation is the Vertical difference between Geoid and reference ellipsoid at a given location.

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9
Q

List three global reference models

A

PZ 90.02, WGS 84, and GTRF

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10
Q

Define a Geoid

A

A Geoid is an Equipotential surface of the gravity field of the Earth.

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11
Q

Name a standard ICAO global reference system used in geodesy to model the earth for navigation purposes

A

WGS 84

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12
Q

State why one global positioning reference system is required for aviation

A

To ensure that positional information given for a specific position is consistent in every aircraft.

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13
Q

Describe the use of position coordinates gathered from one reference system

A

The position coordinates gathered from one reference system (e.g. WGS 84) may be used for positioning in another reference system (e.g. PZ 90.02) but the coordinates require mathematical transformation.

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14
Q

Define Magnetic North

A

Magnetic North is the direction indicated by a magnetic compass.

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15
Q

Define Magnetic Variation

A

Magnetic variation is the effect caused by different locations of True North and Magnetic North.

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16
Q

Define True North

A

True North is the direction of any point along a meridian towards the north pole.

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17
Q

State where the north seeking arrow of a magnetic compass will normally point

A

The north seeking arrow of a magnetic compass will normally point towards Magnetic North.

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18
Q

Describe the propagation of signals in the UHF frequency band

A

The propagation of signals in the UHF frequency band would be by Direct (space) waves.

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19
Q

Define a Sky Wave

A

A Sky Wave is a wave that is radiated towards the sky, where it is reflected or refracted back to Earth by the ionosphere.

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20
Q

Define a Ground wave

A

A Ground Wave is an electromagnetic wave that travels over the surface of earth.

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21
Q

State the frequency range for Sky waves

A

Waves in the frequency range between 1.6 MHz and 30 MHz propagate as Sky waves.

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22
Q

State the frequency range for Ground waves

A

Waves in the frequency range below 1.6 MHz propagate as Ground waves.

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23
Q

State the frequency range for Direct waves

A

Waves in the frequency range above 30 MHz propagate as Direct waves.

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24
Q

Define Blanking

A

Blanking is the effect reducing electronic navigation performance caused by lost coverage if the line of sight between aircraft and navigation aid is interrupted by an obstacle.

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25
List two factors affecting electronic navigation performance
Multipathing and Blanking
26
List three considerations for siting (finding location) of Navaids
Ensuring best possible coverage in desired area, Avoiding reflections of the transmitted signal, and Avoiding blanking due to obstructions
27
Define Continuity of Service
Continuity of Service can be described as the systems capability to provide its operational service without unscheduled interruption.
28
Define Accuracy in navigation
Accuracy assumes fault free conditions. In navigation it can be described as the difference between the estimated and true position.
29
List the performance criteria of navigation systems
Coverage, integrity, availability and continuity of service, and accuracy
30
Define Availability
Availability is the percentage of time in a given time period that the services of the system are usable by the navigator.
31
Define Integrity in navigation
Integrity in navigation can be described as a measure of the trust that can be placed in the correctness of the information supplied by a navigation system.
32
State why Navaids generally have a main/standby configuration
A changeover after a fault develops ensures continuity of service.
33
State why Redundancy in navigation systems is required
To ensure continuity of service, maintainability and availability.
34
List the different means of navigation
Sole, Primary, Supplementary
35
Name two navigation systems using azimuth technique (angular measurements)
Non Directional Beacon (NDB) and VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
36
Define a radial in the context of navigation
A radial in the context of navigation is a Magnetic bearing from a VOR station.
37
List the techniques of providing electronic positioning information used in aviation
Distance measurement technique (Rho-rho), Beam Approach technique, Azimuth technique (Theta-theta), and Range and azimuth technique (Rho-theta)
38
State a property of Slant range
Slant range is never less than the ground distance.
39
Describe the signal transmitted by NDB
NDB transmits a Vertically polarised Omni-directional AM signal.
40
Describe the components of DME
DME comprises of Onboard non-directional interrogator with non-directional transponder on ground.
41
Describe how NDB signal is transmitted
NDB signal is transmitted omnidirectionally.
42
State the principle of VOR operation
The principle of VOR operation is bearing determination by Phase comparison.
43
State where a VOR 270° radial points
VOR 270° radial points to the West.
44
State the basic principle of VOR
The basic principle of VOR is Phase comparison of reference and variable signal.
45
Define a VOR radial
VOR radial represents Magnetic bearing from the VOR station.
46
List the main unexpected reasons for ILS localizer and glide path signal errors
Reflections from moving objects such as vehicles and aircraft.
47
Define Localizer
Localizer is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision lateral guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway.
48
Define Glide path
Glide path is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision vertical guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway.
49
State what is exclusively calculated using DME signals
Slant range.
50
Define NDB
NDB is a radio transmitter at a defined location providing a signal for indication of a bearing to the beacon.
51
List the disadvantages of the NDB - ADF navigation
Poor accuracy and vulnerable to interference.
52
List the advantages to navigate with VORs compared to navigate with NDBs
VOR provides more information and is more accurate.
53
State the DME principle
The DME principle is to measure the time difference between a transmitted interrogation and a received reply.
54
List where VOR information can be displayed in a cockpit
Navigation display (ND) and Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
55
Name the specific on-board equipment needed to locate direction of NDB transmission
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
56
State where the NDB information can be displayed in an aircraft
RMI (Radio Magnetic Indicator), HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator), RBI (Relative Bearing Indicator)
57
State where ILS deviations (LOC and GP) can be displayed in a modern cockpit
Primary flight display (PFD) and Navigation display (ND)
58
Describe the use of the information from a colocated DME/DVOR
The information from a colocated DME/DVOR may be used by aircraft equipment to calculate the time to the DME/DVOR Navaid (e.g. at an airfield) and provide range and bearing to the DME/DVOR Navaid.
59
State when it is authorized to land on a runway, if ILS is out of service
Under visual meteorological conditions (VMC) and there are other Instrumental Approach procedures.
60
Describe the guidance provided by ILS system
ILS system provides guidance both in a horizontal and vertical plane.
61
Describe the signals provided by DME system
DME system provides signals for measuring of slant range to the ground station.
62
Describe the signals provided by VOR system
VOR system provides signals for determining radial from the ground station.
63
List the Navigation systems approved for use for landing
ILS, GBAS, and DME
64
Describe the signals provided by NDB system
NDB provides signals for determining bearing to the ground station
65
State the use of NDB system
NDB system is used for Non-Precision Approaches (NPA)
66
State the Decision height criteria for Cat III C ILS approach
No Decision height (DH) minima or visibility minima
67
State the frequency band VOR (DVOR/CVOR) uses
VOR (DVOR/CVOR) uses VHF-band from 108 to 117.95 MHz frequency band.
68
State the frequency band NDB uses
NDB uses LF- and MF-band from 190 kHz to 1750 kHz frequency band.
69
State the frequency band DME uses
DME uses UHF-band from 960 to 1215 MHz frequency band.
70
Describe the most comprehensive test for a Navaid
The most comprehensive test for a Navaid is a flight check.
71
State the main purpose of calibration of navigation systems
The main purpose of calibration of navigation systems is to meet required parameters of the system.
72
Describe the importance of setting the barometric altimeter prior to take-off and landing
It is important (prior to take-off and landing) to set the barometric altimeter with current (local) atmospheric pressure (QNH) to ensure the altimeter displays the altitude of the airfield referenced to MSL (mean sea level)
73
State how Inertial Navigation Systems calculate track and ground speed
Inertial Navigation Systems use acceleration to calculate track and ground speed.
74
Describe how Inertial navigation systems calculate position
Inertial navigation systems calculate position using accelerometers and gyroscopes.
75
Describe Differential GPS
Differential GPS is a method which removes errors from pseudorange measurements, multipath is characterised by a delay in the signal transmission time from the satellite to the GPS receiver, and the satellite ephemeris message tells the GPS receiver what the satellite position currently is.
76
State the principle GPS uses
GPS uses the one-way ranging principle.
77
Describe the requirements for an airborne GPS receiver to calculate position
An airborne GPS receiver requires time and position signals received from at least 4 satellites to calculate position.
78
Describe the original design purpose of GPS
GPS was originally designed for position determination at every place on Earth, at every time, under all weather conditions, and for military usage.
79
State the minimum number of satellites necessary to determine a position and the nature of satellite-based systems
At least 4 satellites are necessary to determine a position and satellite-based systems are passive (unlimited users, no need to enter approximate location).
80
Define the “full” GPS constellation
The “full” GPS constellation is defined as having a minimum of 24 satellites.
81
List the components of Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) consist of a space segment, a user segment, and a ground segment.
82
List the components of the basic architecture of GPS
The basic architecture of GPS includes a space, a ground, and a user segment.
83
State the minimum number of satellites necessary for a 3D GPS position determination
A minimum of 4 satellites is necessary for a 3D GPS position determination.
84
State the frequency band GPS operates in
GPS operates in the L band frequency band
85
Describe the benefits of Satellite-based navigation
Satellite-based navigation is beneficial because of its low costs for end user equipment and its global coverage.
86
State a major drawback of GPS / GLONASS
A major drawback of GPS / GLONASS is that they are ‘owned’ by the military.
87
Name the European Space Based augmentation System
The European Space Based augmentation System is EGNOS.
88
List the types of GNSS Augmentation systems
GBAS, ABAS, and SBAS are types of GNSS Augmentation systems.
89
Describe the guidance provided by GNSS/GBAS
GNSS/GBAS provides precision lateral and vertical guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway.
90
Name the European SATNAV system designed for civil use
The European SATNAV system designed for civil use is Galileo.
91
List the components of GNSS
GNSS is made up of GPS/GLONASS and ABAS, GBAS, SBAS.
92
Define Performance Based Navigation (PBN)
Performance Based Navigation (PBN) is a concept based on the use of Area Navigation (RNAV) systems.
93
List the components of the PBN concept
The PBN concept is comprised of a navigation application, the Navaid infrastructure, and a navigation specification.
94
Define “RNP 5”
“RNP 5” means that an aircraft must be able to navigate within 5 NM of its intended position for a defined minimum of 95% of total flight time.
95
List the types of RNP approaches described in the ICAO PBN Manual
RNP approach with vertical guidance and RNP approach without vertical guidance are types of RNP approaches described in the ICAO PBN Manual.
96
Define Area Navigation
The navigation method which permits aircraft operation along any desired flight path is defined as Area Navigation.
97
Describe the components of Total system error of Onboard Navigation system
Total system error of Onboard Navigation system contains navigation system error, path definition error, and flight technical error.
98
Describe the RNP approach procedures in Europe
In Europe, RNP approach procedures providing vertical guidance may be published as sole approaches when there is no ILS or MLS.
99
List the Navigation applications in use in Europe
The Navigation applications in use in Europe are RNAV 1 and RNP Approaches.
100
State the current RNP standards for approach in Europe
The current RNP standards for approach in Europe are RNP 1 / RNP APCH (RNP 0.1) / RNP 0.3.
101
Describe the future expectations for air navigation
In the future, we can expect to see the 4D RNAV air navigation concept.

ATSEP Basic (10 decks)

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