Nematodes pt. 2 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Enumerate 3 nematodes whose diagnostic stage is the ova stage
A
● Ascaris lumbricoides
● Trichuris trichiura
● Enterobius vermicularis
2
Q
“True roundworms”
A
Nematodes
3
Q
Non-segmented, has parallel sides, elongated, not flat
Bilaterally symmetrical
A
Nematodes
“True roundworms”
4
Q
Phylum of nematode
A
Phylum Nemathelminthes
5
Q
Nematodes lack
Not flat because
A
endoskeleton (bones in humans)
Cylindrical
Not flat because of hemolymph - a fluid present in their body that will actually make them distended
that makes them cylindrical
6
Q
Complete set of digestive system means that they
have:
A
mouth, intestine, and exit point (or excretory
organ) by which they can eliminate their waste
product.
7
Q
Nematodes have what organ systems:
A
Digestive System
Nervous System
Reproductive system
8
Q
Nematodes’ nervous system is in the form of __ and are found in __
A
Receptors
Cuadal (head) – Chemoreceptors
9
Q
They can
reproduce and have separate sexes
separate male and separate female nematode
A
Dioecious
10
Q
Nematodes MOT
A
Ingestion of eggs
11
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
In parasites, there is a corresponding
stage of a parasite that can infect man. This
means that all other stages are non-infective to
the host.
There is only a particular state that
can infect the host
A
TRUE
12
Q
2 Types of Eggs
A
■ Unembryonated:
■ Embryonated:
13
Q
Types of Egg
○ immature, non-segmented egg
A
■ Unembryonated
14
Q
Types of Egg
There is already a developing larva inside
A
■ Embryonated
15
Q
Types of Egg
Segmented – Also called a segmented egg.
A
■ Embryonated
16
Q
Types of Egg
infective to man/host.
A
■ Embryonated
17
Q
stage that can penetrate the skin
A
Larva: another possible infective stage
18
Q
Vector
A
filarial worms
The infective L3 or the filiform is to be introduced to the human host by means of a mosquito vector (vector-borne).
19
Q
Unusual modes of acquiring:
A
➢ Inhalation
➢ Close-contact
■ Ex. Normal route of acquiring E. vermicularis
is through ingestion. However the same
parasite can also be acquired through
inhalation or close-contact (sexual intimacy)
and other modes.
20
Q
5 stages of Nematode
A
Egg L1 - Rhabditiform L2 L3 - Filariform Adult (mature)
21
Q
If we are doing the harada mori method of culture,
after 7 days of incubating, we expect to harvest what larva
A
L1 rhabditiform larva
22
Q
Distinct characteristics of Male vs. Female parasite
A
Size:
F - Larger
M - Smaller
Length:
F - Longer
M - shorter
Posterior-end:
F - pointed
M - Curved
23
Q
Pan-like structure for some worms
A
bursa (there is a spicule?)
24
Q
For Male ascaris there is a
A
spicule
25
Sometimes in female worms, you will be able to
see a round-like structure that is present
mid-way the body of the adult worm; this is called the
It is also a marker that the
parasite is female
Genital
| girdle/genital ring
26
Female parasite can be
parthenogenetic
a reproductive strategy that involves development of a female (rarely a male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization.
27
Types of Female parasites
Oviparous
Larviparous / Viviparous
28
Type of Female parasite:
“egg laying”
Oviparous
29
examples of Oviparous
Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius
30
Type of Female parasite:
lays larva
Larviparous/ Viviparous
31
Examples of Larviparous/ Viviparous
Trichinella, filiariae
32
only the first
generation of capillaria is larviparous female
then it will transform to oviparous female
Capillaria Philippinensis
33
free-living; may or may not require male
for fertilization / may or may not require male for
copulation or reproduction.
Parthenogenic:
34
Self-fertilization
Parthenogenetic:
35
Example of Parthenogenetic
Strongyloides Stercoralis - Parasitic form
36
Strongyloides Stercoralis has 2 possible forms:
Free living form - male and female; can be
Parasitic form - exhibit parthenogenesis
Parasitic form is found inside the body of the host.
37
What type of adult worm is present inside
the body of a human host infected by
Strongyloides Stercoralis?
mature form → Adult
38
TRUE OR FALSE
Both male and female Strongyloides
stercoralis are found in the body of the infected host
FALSE
Only the female Strongyloides
stercoralis is found in the body of the
infected host because they can exhibit
parthenogenesis.
39
type of nematode Typically common among third world countries and
those with humid temperatures
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
40
The socio demographic factors where you can find Ascaris lumbricoides is
within the poor
41
common among school-age children. According to
| DOH ages:
6-12 years old children are common individuals
| found with an infection due to Ascaris lumbricoides
42
It is very possible that the other (2)
| parasites will be present when one of the (3) is found.
UNHOLY 3:
| Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworm
43
Embryonation happens in
soil
44
common in rural areas. They use human
feces as fertilizer and this allows for
embryonation to happen.
night soil
45
Embryonation is possible
| with the ff. Factors:
```
➢ Humidity
➢ Oxygen
➢ Soil
➢ pH
➢ Temperature
```
46
This parasite is capable of heart-lung migration
Ascaris lumbricoides
It will first enter the body and when the larva hatches
it will undergo heart-lung migration. The moment
that it becomes larva (L3), once you swallow, it will go
to the digestive system where it will grow into adult
forms and experience a reproductive cycle (it will lay
eggs again).
47
Ascaris lubricoides can cause irritation to the lungs that can be seen
together with
Ascaris pneumonitis or Loeffler's
| syndrome.
48
Hyperinfection of Ascaris lumbricoides It can infect other organs such as
bile duct and pancreas
49
A severe infection of Ascaris lumbricoides is manifested
when a stomach enlarges.
Indication/s of malnutrition: Big belly, small face,
slouched shoulders.
○ Malnutrition is an outcome of parasitic infection.
50
TRUE OR FALSE
Malnutrition is an outcome of parasitic infection.
true
51
Indication/s of malnutrition:
Big belly, small face,
| slouched shoulders.
52
Worms can come out from the nose, mouth, ears.
| Only way to remove this is through surgery. this is called
Bolus
53
the copulatory organ of the male
spicule
54
TRUE OR FALSE
Mature or immature adults may be found in feces or may
spontaneously migrate out of the anus, mouth, or nares
TRUE
55
A. lumbricoides has three lips called
Trilobate / Trilobes / Trilips
2 ventral
1 dorsal with sensory papillae
Margin of teeth is lined with minute teeth
56
female filled with eggs (in uterus)
gravid
57
TRUE OR FALSE
Adult form
Will show whitish appearance
FALSE
Adult form
○ Will show pinkish appearance
58
A. lumbricoides has what type of muscle layer allows Ascaris lumbricoides (adult forms) to move
around and to have a stabilized body
longitudinal muscle layer
59
will help the structure of adult forms to
| become cylinder-like (looks like a pencil)
Pseudocoele:
60
FERTILIZED DECORTICATED
| ● Composed of two layers:
Glycogen layer
Lecithin / Vitelline layer (lipid)
61
the layer that Gives protection/ resistance from stomach acid
Glycogen layer
62
the layer that Makes feature of the egg golden-brown in color
Added protection to Ascaris lumbricoides
Lecithin layer / Vitelline layer (lipid)
63
with coarse lecithin granules
A. Fertilized corticated
B. Fertilized decorticated
A. Fertilized corticated
64
3 layers of fertilized corticated egg
Mammillary Coat / Albuominous coat
Middle glycogen
Lecithin / vitelline layer
65
TRUE OR FALSE:
A fertilized corticated Ascaris egg, still at the UNICELLULAR
stage, as they are passed in stool.
TRUE
66
A. LUMBRICOIDES
Where it hatches:
Where development and maturation takes place:
small intestine
Lungs
67
Geographic prevalence highest in what climates
warm and wet climates
68
in order to be infected by A. lumbricoides you need to ingest
both the female and male ?????
69
giant intestinal roundworm in
hogs/pigs - doesn’t mature in Man because we are
not their FH
Ascaris suum
70
finals host of Ascaris suum
hogs/pigs not humans
71
Caused by larva of non-human infecting Ascaris
It undergo heart-lung migration when the
embryonated egg hatches pero hindi siya
nagmamature sa katawan ng tao
Visceral larva migrans
72
○ Pneumonia-like symptoms
○ This happens when hatched larva undergo heart-lung
migration
○ Possible sample specimen to identify is
Sputum/Phlegm to observe larva
Ascaris pneumonitis/Loeffler syndrome
73
○ Migration of larva to heart and to lungs causes
irritation.
○ Presence of larva (a foreign matter) can trigger
inflammation which then causes
irritation to the intestinal mucosa
74
Bolus
acumulation of adult forms in intestine
75
Migration of adult forms to other organs especially to
| hyperinfection or several infection to other organs
Erratism
76
PATHOLOGIES OF ASCARIS LARVA
Visceral Larva migrans
Ascaris pneumonitis / Loeffler syndrome
Irritation of intestinal mucosa
Bolus
Erratism
Epigastric pain
Diarrhea
Malnutrition
Asymptomatic
Allergic reaction
77
DETECTING A. lumbricoides
In the CBC of the patient, there is Increase in
eosinophil in the PBS of the patient.
You will also see Charcot-Leyden crystals in a patient's
stool which is an indicator of this cell: active
metabolism. You can see this in helminthic infections.
78
DIAGNOSIS of A. lumbricoides
DFS (wet smear or lugol's iodine)
● FECT - n helminthic infections, 3
Samples within 10 days, and can be extended to 14
days.
Kato-Katz Technique (quantitave)
Kato (qualitative)
● X-ray
○ Very helpful to see Ascaris pneumonitis
● *Zinc Sulfate Floatation CT
● PCR (molecular technique)
○ Not economical
79
Flesh colored or pinkish slender worm
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
80
Anterior 2/3 of the trichuris trichiura is
posterior 1/3 is
attenuated and thin
Fleshy and robust
81
Life cycle of trichuris trichiura
1. Ingestion of embryonated egg
2. Travel to small intestine
○ Maturation will happen here
3. Travel to large intestine
○ Adult worm na dito and copulation will happen
○ Oviposition (laying eggs) will also happen here
4. Then eggs will be found in the stool
○ Diagnostic stage
○ It will allow the introduction of this egg to the soil
where embryonation will happen
5. Repeat cycle
82
TRUE OR FALSE
| there is heart-lung migration in trichuris trichiura
FALSE
No heart lung migration unlike Ascaris lumbricoides
83
Thick smooth and brown egg
Trichuris trichiura egg
84
Japanese lantern appearance with bipolar
| plugs / Football / Barrel / Lemon
Trichuris trichiura egg
85
Rounded and made of hyaline
Bipolar /
| Hyaline plug
86
Bile-stained (yellowish / golden brown)
Trichuris trichiura egg
87
Pathology include Anemia
| ○ Sometimes can present hypoalbuminemia is caused by
Trichuris trichiura infection
88
Pathology of Trichuris trichiura
Anemia (hypoalbuminemia)
Rectal prolapse
Secondary bacterial infection
89
Pinworm / society worm / seat
| worm / Tiwa (tagalog)
Enterobius vermicularis
90
Habitat or E. vermicularis
Large intestine
91
MOT of E. vermicularis
```
Ingestion of
embryonated egg (can also be inhalation,
retroinfection, or autoinfection)
```
92
Diagnostic stage of E. vermicularis
Ova/egg and adult worm
93
Life span of E. vermicularis
1-2 months
94
Embryonation og E. vermicularis
4-6 hours
95
Familial MOT
E. vermicularis
96
Smooth, thick and transparent egg
E. vermicularis egg
97
D-shaped and lopsided (other
| portion is flattened)
E. vermicularis egg
98
Layers of the E. vermicularis egg
● Thick albuminous coat/layer
| ● Lipoidal or lipid layer
99
During the collection for the cellophane swab, you
| are collecting an
embryonated egg
100
E. vermicularis
Oviposition: happens at
Collection: happens at
night
early morning
101
Pathology of E. vermicularis include
Nocturnal pruritus ani
Secondary bacterial infections
Insomnia
caused by nocturnal pruritis ani. Hindi makatulog sa sobrang kati
Vulvovaginits
102
Cephalic alae is only seen in
E. vermicularis male adult
