1
Q
What causes diarrhoea in Piglets? (8)
A
- eneteric colibacillosis
- colisepticaemia
- rotavirus
- coccidiosis
- clostridial enteritis (petfingens A/B/C, difficile)
- salmonella
- PRRS
- porcine epidemic diarrhoea
2
Q
Enteric colibacillosis
- Age
- pathogenesis
- epidemiology
A
- 0-4 days old
- ETEC: binds to k99 antigen
- maternal immunity up to 14 days
- shed in faeces
- survive in dust for months and on pen furniture
- introduced in pigs and on formites
3
Q
Enteric colibacillosis
- CS (5)
- pathology (5)
A
- affected piglets stand alone
- hunched back and drooped tail
- watery diarrhoea
- dehydration
- recovery ± stunting or death following a coma
- dehydrated carcase
- dark liver
- full stomach
- intestines full of clear fluid
- villi in tact
4
Q
Enteric colibacillosis
- Dx (4)
- Tx (2)
- control (4)
A
Dx:
- CS : watery diarrhoea 12hours- 4 days
- PM findings
- intact villi
- osologation of ETEC, PCR, ELISA
Tx:
- ABs: spectinomycin, fluroquinilones, trimethoprim sulphadiazine, amoxyclav
- heat, fluids
control:
- vaccinate sow
- ensure colostrum intake
- ensure piglets have water
- breeding stock with inherent resistance
5
Q
Colisepticaemia facts (3)
A
- E.coli
- oral/ respiratory infection
- colostrum derived pigs
6
Q
Colisepticaemia
- CS (8)
- pathology (4)
A
CS:
- 12 hours
- affected piglets stand apart
- raised hair coat
- initial pyrexia
- coma
- hypothermia
- convulsions
- death in 48 hours
Pathology:
- carcase in good condition
- congested extremities
- enlarged spleen
- stomach filled with curd
7
Q
Colisepticaemia
- Tx (2)
- prevention (4)
A
Tx:
- ABs: ampicillin, amoxyclav, trimethoprim sulphonamide, fluroquinolones
- supportive
Prevention
- ensure colostrum intake
- treat at risk litters with oral colostrum
- ensure adequate temperature
- hygiene
8
Q
Rotavirus
- aetiology and pathogenesis (5)
- epidemiology (2)
A
- serotypes A, B and C can change over time,
- multiplies in the epithelial cells of villi 24-96 hours post infection
- jejenum
- cells swell and lose microvilli –> villi atrophy –> secretory diarrhoea
- lactase levels reduced
epidemiology
- survives 7-9 months at 16-20 degreed
- infecting dose in 90 particles (millions per gram of faeces)
9
Q
Rotavirus
- CS (3)
- pathology (4)
A
CS:
- white diarrhoea (profuse for 4-6 days and then loose, yellow for a further 7-14 days)
- depression, anorexia, reluctance to move by 18-24 hours
- vomiting
pathology:
- intestine only affected organ
- villous atrophy and fusion
- SI distended with creamy fluid
- crypt depth increaed
10
Q
Rotavirus
- Dx (4)
- control
A
Dx:
- CS begin 7-14 days and affect most of litter
- creamy faeces
- villous atrophy in SI
- demonstrate virus by ELISA/PCR
control:
- expose dry sows to diarrhoea
11
Q
Coccidiosis
aetiology and pathogenesis (10)
A
- isospora suis
- associated with poor hygiene: on pen fittings/food form other piglets
- CS from 5-15 days (10 day scour)
- oral infection
- oocysts –> sporozoites –> merozoites anterior in SI
- crescent shaped merozoites in posterior SI
- sexual stages 5-6 days post infection
- oocysts shed in faeces from day 5-9 and 11-14
- villous atrophy from day 5
- no protection from colostral antibodies
12
Q
Coccidiosis
- CS (3)
- pathology (4)
A
CS:
- creamy or watery diarrhoea with necrotic material
- from day 5, peaks day 10-14, resolved by weaning
- dehydration and loss of condition
pathology:
- carcase in poor condition
- SI thickened, creamy contents & necrotic flakes
- mucosa with villous atrophy and necrosis
- coccidia in epithelium of SI (seen best with silver stain)
13
Q
Coccidiosis
- Dx (6)
- Tx (3)
- control
A
Dx:
- diarrhoea in 2nd/3rd weeks of life
- poor response to ABs
- PM
- fluid or pasty faeces (yellow-white in colour)
- direct smear of mucosa
- histopath of SI
Tx:
- Trimethaprim sulphonamide orally at onset
- Trimethaprim sulphonamide injected at days 4,5 and 6
- fluids
Control:
- single totrazuril admin orally day 3-5
14
Q
Clostridial enteritis susceptibility (60
A
- no ingestion of colostrum (trypsin prevents disease)
- no ingestion of specific AB
- after specific colostral antibody has declined there is no active immunity
- when milk is withdrawn
- when gut wall has been disrupted and the immune system cannot protect
15
Q
Cl. Perfingens type C
- pathogenesis
- age
A
- fatal
- necrotic and haemorrhagic enteritis
- piglets less than 7 days
organism enters at birth and reaches high numbers –> B toxin produced in the basence of trypsin and antibody –> B toxin attaches to SI epithelium –> intetinal ulceration –> reddish diarrhoea –> death
16
Q
Cl. Perfingens type C
A
CS:
- affects several litters, 26-48 hours after birth
- pass bloody faeces
- may suddenly die
Pathology:
- reddish diarrhoea
- SI is angry red
- haemorrhagic mucosa
- villus atrophy
17
Q
Cl. Perfingens type C
- epidemiology (3)
- Dx (5)
- Tx (2)
A
- infection with spores/ vegetative organisms
- present in farrowing houses/ soil
- can last 3 months
Dx:
- CS (reddish diarrhoea from 36 hours)
- high mortality
- PM signs
- smears/cultures
- ELISA/PCR detects B toxin
Tx:
- hyperimmune antisera (not common)
- can’t treat developed disease as epithelium is already damaged.
18
Q
Cl perfingens A epidemiology (3)
A
- vegetative or spore
- produces A toxin –> does not produce disease consistently
- enterotoxin
19
Q
Cl perfingens A
- CS (4)
- pathology (4)
A
CS:
- dull, sunken flanks within 48 hours
- creamy pink diarrhoea
- dramatic loss in condition
- most recover, although some suddenly die
pathology:
- carcase in poor condition
- some greenish discolouration of abdomen
- SI distended ± congestion
- villous atrophy
20
Q
Cl perfingens A
- Dx (2)
- Tx (2)
A
Dx:
- CS: absence of bloody diarrhoea and low mortality
- isolation of Cl perfingens A only
Tx:
- parenternal ppenicillins
- hygiene
21
Q
Samonella (3)
A
- 2-3 piglets per litter develop fever and brownish diarrhoeah containing nectotic material
- intestinal inflammation, watery content diptheresis and enlarged mesenteric LNs
- salmonella isolated in profuse culture
22
Q
PRRS
pathogenesis (5)
A
- infection by respiratory route, contact, semen or placenta
- viraemia develops
- destruction of alveolar macrophages (decrease in WBCs)
- cutokines cause vascular lesions
- interstitial pneumonitis
23
Q
PRRS
- CS (7)
- pathology (6)
A
CS:
- laboured breathing in piglets in non-immune heard
- in immune herd: 4-6 weeks of age
- 41 degree fever
- weakness, splayed legs
- oedema of eyelids
- cyanosis of ears
- increased stillbirths and returns to early oestrous
pathology:
- anterior lobe of lung is consolidated and rubbery: pneumonia
- excess pleural and pericardial fluid
- enlarged LNs
- blebbing of bronchiolar epithelium
- no alveolar macrophages
- proliferative interstitial pneumonitis
24
Q
PRRS
- Dx (5)
- control (3)
A
Dx:
- CS
- gross lesions
- abscence of alveolar macrophages and interstitial pneumonitits
- virus isolation
- serology 3 weeks later
control:
- isolation
- purchase of seronegative pigs/ isolation
- vaccines (live are best!)
25
Porcine epidemic Diarrhoea
- what?
- pathogenesis (4)
- epidemiology (3)
- corona virus, distinct from TGE
Pathogenesis:
- incubation of 24 hours (12-48)
- destruction of mature enterocytes in the villi --> these cells are shed
- villous atrophy and fusion
- infected animals continue to shed virus in faeces for 35 days
Epidemiology:
- highly infectious
- passive immunity (IgG andIgA in milk) lasts 5-13 weeks
- susceptible to drying, UV light and disinfectanys
26
Porcine epidemic Diarrhoea CS
- acute (4)
- less acute (4)
- delta corona virus (2)
```
CS:
Acute:
- foetid diarrhoea
- ± vomiting
- sever dehydration
- mortality >100% (normally 50%) in pigs less than 7 days, 3% in weaned pigs
```
less acute:
- decreased severity
- diarrhoea, no vomiting
- socur in weaners up to 5-6 weeks
- slight scour in older animals, but reduced appetite and performance
delta
- less scour than A virus
- more likely to cause vomiting and diarrhoea in adults
27
Porcine epidemic Diarrhoea
- Dx (4)
- Tx (4)
Dx:
- PM: distended, fluid filled, thin valled loops of gut
- histopath shows villous atrophy
- IHC shows brown stained cells containing virus round the villi
- RT-PCR to confirm
Tx:
- supportive
- electrolytes
- ± ABs for secondary problems
- euthanise severe cases
Piggies
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