Neoplasia hw Flashcards by Abdul Rahman

Agent most responsible for cancer and cancer deaths in the US

Tobacco

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Sequence of chemical carcinogenesis

Initiaion → promotion→ progression

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Aflatoxin (from aspergillus)

HCC in assoc. w/ Hep B

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Alcohol

Squamous cell carcinoma or oropharynx and upper/middle esophagus; pancreatic and Hepatocellular carcinomas

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Alkylating agents

Malignant lymphoma

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Arsenic

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, liver angiosarcoma

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Asbestos

Bronchogenic carcinoma, pleural mesothelioma

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Benzene

Acute Leukemia

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Beryllium

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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Chromium

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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Cyclophosphamide

Transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

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Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Clear cell carcinoma of vagina/cervix

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β-Naphthylamine (aniline dyes)

Transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

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Nickel

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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Oral Contraceptives

Breast, cervical carcinomas

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Polycyclic hydrocarbons

Squamous cell carcinoma: oral cavity, midesophagus, larynx, lung; Adenocarcinoma: pancreas, kidney; Transitional cell carcinoma: urinary bladder, renal pelvis

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Silica

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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Oncogenic RNA viruses

HCV , HTLV-1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus)

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HCV

produces postnecrotic cirrhosis; HCC

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HTVL-1 (Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus)

Activates TAX gene, stimulates polyclonal T-cell proliferation, inhibits P53; T-cell leukemia and lymphoma

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Oncogenic DNA viruses

EBV, HBV, HHV-8, HPV 16 and 18

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EBV

Promotes polyclonal B cell proliferation, which ↑ risk for t(8;14); Burkitts lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS, mixed cellularity Hodgkins lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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HBV

activates proto-oncogenes, inactivates p53; HCC

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HHV-8

acts via cytokine released from HIV and HSV; Kaposis sarcoma in AIDS

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HPV 16 and 18

Type 16: E6 gene product inhibits P53, Type 18: E7 inhibits RB; squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, larynx, oropharynx

Pathogens and cancer

Viruses 〉 bacteria 〉 parasites

MC cancer d/t ionizing radiation

AML (acute myeloblastic leukemia) or CML (chronic myeloblastic leukemia)

MC cancer d/t excessive UV light exposure

Basal cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma in physical injury

3rd degree burns; chronically draining sinuses (chronic osteomyelitis)

Most effective host defense against cancer

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells

Most important prognostic factor

Staging criteria; TNM system

Least to most important prognostic factor

T 〈 N 〈 M (most important)

Molecule involved in Cachexia

TNF-α secreted by macrophages and tumor cells→suppresses appetite in hypothalamus and stimulates apoptosis

MC anemia in cancer

Anemia of chronic dz; normocytic anemic w/ corrected reticulocyte count 〈 3 %

Hemostasis abnormality in malignancy

Thrombogenic

MCC of death in cancer

Gram - sepsis

Skin abnormality that may be assoc. w/ stomach cancer

Acanthosis nigricans; black, verrucoid-appearing lesion

Signs of ectopic hormone production

hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hypercortisolism, polycythemia

Eaton-Lambert syndrome

Small cell carcinoma of lung; Myasthenia gravis-like Sxs (muscle weakness); Ab against Ca channel

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Bronchogenic carcinoma; Periosteal rxn of distal phalanx (often assoc. w/ clubbing of nail)

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

Mucus-secreting pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas; sterile vegetations on mitral valve

Seborrheic keratosis

Stomach carcinoma; Sudden appearance of numerous pigmented seborrheic keratoses (leser-Trélat sign)

Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis

Pancreatic carcinoma; Release of procoagulants (Trousseaus sign: hypercoagulability)

Nephrotic syndrome

Lung, breast, stomach carcinomas; Diffuse membranous glomerulopathy

Cushing syndrome

ACTH; small cell carcinoma of lung, medullary carcinoma of thyroid

Gynecomastia

hCG; Choriocarcinoma (testis)

Hypercalcemia

PTH-related protein: Renal cell carcinoma, 1° squamous cell carcinoma of lung, breast carcinoma; Calcitriol (VitD): malignant lymphoma (contain α1-hydroxylase)

Hypocalcemia

Calcitonin; Medullary carcinoma of thyroid

Hypoglycemia

Insulin-like facter; HCC

Hyponatremia

ADH; small cell carcinoma of lung

2° Polycythemia

EPO; Renal cell and Hepatocellular carcinoma

α-fetoprotein (AFP)

HCC, yolk sac tumor of ovary or testis

Bence Jones Protein

Multiple myeloma, Waldenströms macroglobulinemia

CA 15-3

Breast cancer

CA 19-9

Pancreatic, colorectal carcinomas

CA 125

Surface-derived ovarian cancer (eg serous cystadenocarcinoma; helpful in distinguishing malignant from b9

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas

Lactate dehydrogenase

Malignant lymphoma

Cytokeratin

epithelial origin

Vimentin

Connective tissue origin

Desmin

Muscle

GFAP

Neuroglia

Neurofilaments

Neurons

CD45+

Malignant lymphoma

Neoplasia hw Flashcards

(64 cards)