Neoplasm 2 Flashcards
What is an autosomal dominant condition? eg?
Only need one copy of the faulty gene in a pair to cause effect. Eg retinoblastoma. FAP -Familial adenomatous polyposis.
What is the double hit hypothesis?
Recessive mutation. Both copies of the gene need to carry the mutation to cause effect. Eg P53 gene in Li Fraumeni
Name some checmicals that can cause cancer
Smoking- tobacco Arsenic- skin
What are some of the common forms of radiation that can cause cancer?
UV radiation. UVb. Initially cell can repair damage caused to DNA, but with significant exposure the repair system is overwhelmed. CT scans- shown to increase the risks of cancer by 24%. Most susceptible to leukaemias and thyroid cancers.
What is microbial carcinogenesis?
Certain microbes that can cause cancer. Eg HepB, HPV Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)- Burkitt lymphomas, B cell lymphomas.
How can chronic inflammation cause cancer?
Often causes lymphomas- constant lymphocyte reproduction can cause errors to production. Other tumours can be caused by constant tissue replication, making the tissue unstable.
What are the Weinberg Hallmarks?
- Increasing growth signals. 2. Removing growth suppressors. 3. Avoiding apoptosis. 4. Limitless replicative potential. 5. Become invasive. 6. Be able to create own vascular blood supply (angiogenesis) + loss of cellular DNA spell checking.
What does MMP (matrix metalloproteinases) do?
Helps tumours invade tissue, by digesting connective tissue.
What does a tumour do once it reaches a blood vessel?
Forms aggregates with platelets.
What are the common sites of metastasis?
Common for tumour to follow venous system. Venous circulation enters liver- Hepatic metastasis common. Lymphatic spread- spreads through lymph nodes.
What is angiogenesis?
Successful tumours that require their own blood supply develop the ability to create new blood vessels to supply them.
What are two proteins that tumours might have to encourage vessel growth?
VEGF- Vascular endothelial growth factor PDGF- Platelet derived growth factor.
