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Nephrology Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the above is activated in the lungs?

A

Angiotensin II

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2
Q

In hemorrhage pt, aldosterone level is increased by?

A

Angiotensin II

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3
Q

What leads to smooth muscles contraction through inositol triphosphate mechanism?

A

Angiotensin II

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4
Q
  1. Aldosterone acts on what part of kidneys?
  2. ADH acts on what part of kidneys?
A
  1. CCT>DCT>CD
  2. CD>DCT>CCT
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5
Q

Hyponatremia is caused by?

A

increase body water

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6
Q

Increase renal sodium in hyperaldosteronism due to?

A

decrease capacity of renal tubules to absorb Na

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7
Q

In denervation of kidney, what occurs?

A

increase renal blood flow

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8
Q

Mole for mole Na absorption is greatest by what?

A

Aldosterone

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9
Q

A pt admitted in endocrinology ward has the following labs. Potassium 3, Na 150 and pH 7.45. He is having excess of?

A

Aldosterone

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10
Q

A person who is fasting does not take water for many hours, excretes concentrated urine due to secretion of increased amount of?

A

ADH

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11
Q

What acts on nuclear receptor?

A

Aldosterone

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12
Q

30yrs old pt presented with headache BP 170/110, high aldosterone, left renin level is high and right renin level is normal, diagnosis?

A

Left renal artery stenosis

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13
Q

What is the likely cause of secondary aldosteronism in chronic alcoholics?

A

Increase renin

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14
Q

The most potent stimulus for secretion of renin from kidney is?

A

decrease NaCl tubular load

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15
Q

Renin secretion is increased by decrease stretch in?

A

right atrial mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

In athletes increased sodium absorption in DCT is due to?

A

RAAS

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17
Q

Creatinine is used for clinical measurement of GFR over urea because?

A

not reabsorbed by blood

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18
Q

Most important change in kidney to preserve blood volume is?

A

increase renin secretion

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19
Q

A person had 1.5L haemorrhage and has decrease GFR and urine output. Which of the following will help more in returning the GFR to normal?

A

DCT

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20
Q

If a substance is found in renal artery but not in renal vein?

A

clearance equals to GFR

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21
Q

Product of GFR and plasma conc. of substance is?

A

filtration load

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22
Q

Autoregulation of GFR is achieved through changes in?

A

glomerular afferent arteriolar resistence

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23
Q

A young pt with GFR less than 50% and decreased urine output. The doctor should be concerned of the increase of?

A

potassium

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24
Q

Sympathetic stimulation affect on blood flow and GFR?

A

dec. blood flow and GFR

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25
Capillary pressure in renal glomeruli increases as?
cardiac output increases
26
Old woman with multiple fractures, hypertensive and is on dialysis reason is?
deficiency of vitamin D
27
60yrs old on off fever, lethargy, dyspnea on exertion. Hb 7.8, urea 140, creatinine 3, cause?
erythropoeitin deficiency
28
Which buffer acts in DKA?
HCO3-
29
Hb acts as a buffer because?
it accepts H+
30
Oxygen buffer function?
negative feedback
31
Oxygen buffering system mechanism?
chemoreceptors
32
ADPKD is associated with what type of haemorrhage?
subarachnoid hemorrhage
33
What remains normal in chronic respiratory acidosis?
H+ concentration
34
ABGs of a pt are pH 6.73, HCO3 10, PCO2 66, diagnosis?
mixed acidosis
35
A pt with severe vomiting and diarrhoea for 1 day presented with tachypnea and respiratory rate 22, hypotension. Labs showed hypercholermia, hyponatremia and hypokalaemia, diagnosis?
metabolic acidosis
36
A resident living at 12000 feet height altitude complains of illness, diagnosis?
respiratory alkalosis
37
A person breathing into a paper bag. What will cause hyperventilation?
increase arterial CO2
38
1. Metabolic acidosis regulation of kidneys is by? 2. In metabolic acidosis, how is renal compensation done?
1. H+ loss 2. increase glutamine secretion
39
Renal correction of acute hyperkalemia will result in?
acidosis
40
Volatile acid compensation =?
bicarbonate system of kidney
41
A pt after taking an analgesic overdose experienced hyperventilation, tachycardia and metabolic acidosis, the most likely drug is?
Acetyl salicyclic
42
Microvilli present in what part of nephron?
PCT
43
Woman, haemorrhage, which part of nephron affected?
PCT
44
In a dehydrated pt, diluted fluid is found in which segment?
DCT
45
In dehydration, concentration if which of these is decreased?
Pure water
46
H+ secretion from PCT in exchange of?
NH3
47
Flattened cells present where in nephron?
thin loop of henle
48
Segment impermeable to water in nephron is?
Thick ascending loop of henle
49
Tubular fluid has a low pH than PCT due to?
more H+ secreted in DCT
50
Alport syndrome - abnormality is in?
Collagen type IV
51
A pt with hemoptysis, hematuria and glomerulonephritis, diagnosis?
Goodpasture syndrome
52
In certain pathologies, crescents in glomeruli are formed by?
Parietal cells
53
Diagnosis of amyloidosis is made by?
Rectal biopsy
54
Albumin, RBC cast and cells in urine, possible site of damage?
Glomerulus
55
ECF is different to ICF in what type of ions?
Inorganic Anions
56
Difference between ICF and ECF in term of pH is?
decrease pH of intracellular fluid
57
Tears composition differ from plasma in?
tear have more amino acids
58
The most prominent deficiency in lacrimal secretion when compared to plasma is?
Glucose
59
Primary dehydration change in ECF is?
hypertonc ECF
60
By increasing the specific gravity of urine which kidney function is being assessed?
Urine concentration
61
What is almost equal to plasma osmolality?
Normal saline solution
62
A 50yrs off diabetic pt presented to ER with DKA since he missed his insulin dose. Labs showed raised blood glucose, raised K+ and deranged RFTs, likely approach in management?
insulin with saline
63
In pure water depletion, the fluid to be administered intravenously is?
5% dextrose
64
Hypovolemia due to blood loss. to replace the fluid of intravascular compartment fluid given should be?
Normal saline
65
Fluid of choice in paradoxical aciduria?
Darrow solution
66
3rd space fluid loss, fluid of choice?
Ringer lactate
67
Total water depletion replaced by?
Hypotonic solution
68
A person loses 2L of sweat while working and he drinks 2L of pure water. What change will occur in body?
Increase ICF volume>decrease ICF osmolarity>increase ECF volume
69
RBC swell up when placed in?
250mmol urea
70
An RBC is kept in hypertonic solution to which urea is added, what will be the effect on RBC? list all possible answers
swell, shrink and lyse
71
What is more in dialysing fluid as compared to plasma?
Bicarbonate and glucose

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