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Block 2 Week 3 > Nerve reflexes and control of arterial blood pressure > Flashcards

Nerve reflexes and control of arterial blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

The arterial pressure is determined directly by two major physical factors, what are they?

A

the arterial blood volume and the arterial compliance.

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2
Q

The physical factors (arterial blood volume and arterial compliance) are affected in turn by certain physiological factors which are (blank X 4)

A

heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance.

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3
Q 
If we are able to change/regulate 
	- heart rate, 
	- stroke volume and/or 
	- vessel diameter 
we will be able to change/regulate the (blank)
A

arterial blood pressure.

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4
Q

What do barorecepetors do?

A

sense changes in pressure and send message to brain to correct blood pressure back to normal

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5
Q

What are the the baroreceptors called?

A

the detectors/sensor

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6
Q

What are the five components of neural control system?

A

) a signal (change in arterial pressure), 2) detectors or sensors (arterial baroreceptors), 3) afferent pathways that translate the signal to a coordinating center, 4) a neural network (CNS; coordinating center), which compares a signal from the sensors with a command signal which originates in CNS, 5) a neural output which connects the nervous system to the target cells in the effector organs (efferent pathways), and 6) the target organs themselves (heart and peripheral blood vessels).

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7
Q

Baroreceptors are (blank) receptors that are located within the walls of the carotid sinus near the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries.

A

stretch

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8
Q

Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that are located within the walls of the (blank) near the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries.

A

carotid sinus

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9
Q

The two most important high-pressure loci are the (blank) .

A

carotid sinus and the aortic arch

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10
Q

The baroreceptors are the branched and coiled bare ends of (blank) nerve fibers. The cell bodies are in (blank) near the brain stem.

A

myelinated sensory

ganglia

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11
Q

What do the arterial baroreceptors sense?

A

stretch (changes in blood pressure and vascular wall tension)

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12
Q

The activity of the baroreceptors is increased upon sudden (blank) in blood pressure and is decreased in response to sudden decrease of blood pressure.

A

increase

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13
Q

The purpose of the Arterial Baroreceptors is to (blank) ACUTE changes in blood pressure

A

buffer

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14
Q

High-pressure baroreceptors respond not only to the absolute level of the blood pressure, but also to how (blank).

A

rapidly it changes

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15
Q

What are the Aortic baroreceptors pressure ranges over which the aortic baroreceptors can monitor systemic arterial blood pressure?
Carotid baroreceptors?

A

100-200

50-200

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16
Q

Degree of high-pressure baroreceptor stimulation is directly related to (blank)

A

magnitude and rate of change of blood pressure.

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17
Q

What do the cardio-pulmonary baroreceptors sense?

A

stretch (venous return to the heart, changes in bloo volume, EDP)

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18
Q

Low-pressure baroreceptors (bare ends of myelinated nerve fibers) are located at strategic low-pressure sites including the (blank) and monitor venous volume.

A

pulmonary artery, the junction of the atria with their corresponding veins, the atria themselves

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19
Q

(blank) receptors help control blood volume through reflex release of antidiuretic hormone.

A

Low pressure baroreceptors

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20
Q

(blank) is a collection of neurons in the medulla of the brain that receives sensory information from a variety of sources, compares this information with the set point for systemic arterial blood pressure, and initiates responses to maintain an appropriate blood pressure.

A

Cardiovascular center

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21
Q

The CV center also receives information from higher areas in the brain such as hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. Input from these areas can override the (blank)

A

homeostatic activity of the cardiovascular system.

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22
Q

What are the effector organs of ANS cardiovasculor system?

A

heart and blood vessels

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23
Q

An increase in blood pressure is translated into an increase in (blank). This in turn inhibits (blank) from the CNS. The opposite is also true.
Is this response immediate or slow?

A

baroreceptor nerve firing
efferent sympathetic nerve activity
immediate

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24
Q

Acute hemorrage will do what do you mean arterial pressure?

A

decrease it

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25
Q

A decrease in mean arterial pressure will (blank) stretch on carotid sinus barocreceptors?

A

decrease

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26
Q

A decrease in stretch on carotid sinus baroreceptors will (blank) firing rate of carotid sinus nerve (hering’s nerve)

A

decrease

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27
Q

A decrease in firing rate of carotid sinus nerve leads to what 2 things?

A

decrease parasympathetic outflow to the heart and Increase sympathetic outflow to heart and blood vessels

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28
Q

A decresae in parasympathetic outflow to the heart will do what to heart rate?

A

increase heart rate

29
Q

If you increase sympathetic outflow to heart and blood vessles what will happen to heart rate and contractility, arterioles?

A

increase in both, and constriction of arterioles

30
Q

If you have an increase in constriction of blood vessels, increase in mean systemic pressure, increase of venous return what will happen to your mean arterial pressure?

A

it will increase

31
Q

What happens if you increase aortic pressure?

A

Increased aortic pressure leads to increased afferent nerve activity from the baroreceptors, which results in reciprocal changes in efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels with a resultant decrease in aortic blood pressure back to normal.

32
Q

What happens if you have acute hemmorage?

A

barorecptors sense decreased stretch which tells sympathetic NS to incresae which will cause vasoconstriction which will increase blood pressure towards normal

33
Q

What happens if you elevate arterial pressure?

A

you will increase barorecptor stretch which will increase parasympathetic activity which will decrease resistance, decrease stroke volume and cardiac output to attempt to return arterial presure back to normal

34
Q

Massage of the neck over the carotid sinus area in a person experiencing a bout of paroxysmal atrial tachicardia is often effective in terminating the episode. Why?

A

trick brain into thinking you have increase receptor activity of baroreceptors

35
Q

What would happen to blood pressure if the arterial baroreceptors were surgically cut?

A

you will have an increased range of blood pressure

36
Q

What would happen to blood pressure if BOTH the arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors were surgically cut?

A

The arterial pressure would shift to the right and be much higher. Large fluctuations in BP

37
Q

Baroreceptors are the primary sensors for (blank) blood pressure control.

A

acute

38
Q

A second set of receptors, the peripheral (blank) , also play a role in BP.

A

chemoreceptors

39
Q

The purpose of the Arterial Chemoreceptors is to buffer ACUTE changes in (blank)

A

pO2 , pCO2 , and pH

40
Q

What do the arterial chemoreceptors sense?

A

hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acidosis (typically during ischemia and hemorrage)

41
Q

(blank) have high rates of O2 consumption and are, therefore, sensitive to decreases in the partial pressure of O2 (PO2).

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

42
Q

In (blank) decreases in PO2 activate vasomotor center that produce vasoconstriction, increase in TPR, and increase in arterial pressure.

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

43
Q

If you have reduced oxygen, what will happen in the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Increase in Total peripheral resistance and increase in arterial pressure

44
Q

Decreases of pO2 less than 60 mm Hg cause (blank)

A

hyperventiliation

45
Q

For the cardiovascular system, the peripheral chemoreceptors play a role only during (blank)

A

severe hypoxia (e.g., hemorrhagic hypotension).

46
Q

The (blank) is not a powerful arterial pressure controller in the normal BP range (they are stimulated when the pressure falls below 80 mm Hg).

A

peripheral chemoreceptor reflex

47
Q

What do central chemoreceptors in the medulla do and what do they respond to?

A

Control breathing.

Increases in pCO2 and [H+] stimulate breathing, and decreases in pCO2 and [H+] inhibit breathing.

The resulting hyperventilation or hypoventilation then returns the arterial PCO2 toward normal.

Responds to CO2 and H+

48
Q

The net effect of stimulation of both peripheral and central chemoreceptors is (blank) , and increased TPR (and blood pressure).

A

tachicardia

49
Q

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays an important role in the regulation of (blank) .

A

arterial blood pressure and blood volume

50
Q

RAAS is triggered by a (blank) in renal perfusion pressure.

A

decrease

51
Q

RAAS is a relatively slow, hormonal mechanism and is used in (blank) by adjustment of blood volume and vascular resistance.

A

long-term blood pressure regulation

52
Q

(blank) is released in response to hemorrhage (decreased blood volume)

A

vasopression (ADH)

53
Q

(blank) is released in response to activated low-pressuer baroreceptors

A

vasopression (ADH)

54
Q

(blank) causes vasoconstriction (mediated by V1 receptors)
(blank) increases water reabsorption (mediated by V2 receptors) and ultimately increases blood volume and interstitial fluid volume.

A

vasopressin (ADH)

55
Q

The amount of extracellular fluid effects (blank)

A

blood pressure

56
Q

increased extracellular fluid volume increases the (blank) . Note especially that increased cardiac output has both a direct effect by increasing arterial pressure and an indirect effect by increasing the total peripheral resistance.

A

arterial pressure

57
Q

What is released from the atria in response to increase atrial pressure?

A

ANP,BNP (natriuretic peptides)

58
Q

What causes vasorelaxation and decreased total peripheral resistance?

A

ANP,BNP (natriuretic peptides)

59
Q

(blank) cause increased excretion of Na+ and water by the kidney (reduces blood volume).

A

ANP,BNP (natriuretic peptides)

60
Q

(blank) inhibits renin secretion.

A

ANP,BNP (natriuretic peptides)

61
Q

When you have CNS ischemic response what happens?

A

increased sympathetic and parasympathetic response but Parasympathetic is more substantial which will decrease the heart rate

62
Q

During a disturbance in arterial pressure, what is first to respond?

A

baroreceptors (powerful) then chemoreceptores (not as powerful)

63
Q

During a disturbance in arterial pressure, when do you have ischemic brain reflexes?

A

after chemoreceptors react

64
Q

What is last to respond during a distrubance of arterial pressure?

A

renal mediated fluid retention and aldosterone

65
Q

Each of the various factors operates over its own particular range of arterial pressure. For example, the is a very powerful reflex that is the last-ditch effort of the body to preserve cerebral circulation. It operates only when the arterial pressure falls to a very low level. In contrast, the baroreceptors operate over a range of pressures that one would encounter in everyday life.

A

CNS ischemic response

66
Q

What are the high pressure baroreceptors?

Low pressure?

A

aortic/carotid

Cardio/pulmonary

67
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do?

A

vasconstrict , decrease HR

68
Q

What do central chemoreceptors do?

A

increase breathing, Increased HR

69
Q

What is the net effect if both kinds of chemoreceptors are stimulated?

A

tachycardia, and increased BP

Block 2 Week 3 (9 decks)

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