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Block 2 Week 3 > Arteries and Veins Serving Resistance and Capacitance in the Circulation > Flashcards

Arteries and Veins Serving Resistance and Capacitance in the Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of arteries?

A

conduits, hydraulic filter, store blood

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2
Q

What are conduits, hydraulic filters and store blood?

A

arteries

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3
Q

The principal function of the (blank) is to distribute blood to capillary beds throughout the body.

A

arterial system

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4
Q

The principal function of the arterial system is to (blank)

A

distribute blood to capillary beds throughout the body.

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5
Q

The (blank) are the terminal components of this system, are high-resistance vessels that regulate the distribution of flow to the various capillary beds.

A

The arterioles,

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6
Q

The arterioles, the terminal components of this system, are (blank) that regulate the distribution of flow to the various capillary beds.

A

high-resistance vessels

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7
Q

What are the two features of the arterial system that tend to dampen fluctuations in flow?

A

its elastic conduits and high-resistance terminals

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8
Q

The body’s arterial system constitutes a (blank)

A

hydraulic filter

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9
Q

When the arteries are normally compliant, a substantial fraction of the (blank) is stored in the arteries during ventricular systole. The arterial walls are stretched.

A

stroke volume

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10
Q

During (blank) arterial blood flows through the capillaries throughout this phase.

A

systole

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11
Q

During (blank) arterial blood continues to flow through the capillaries throughout this phase.

A

diastole

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12
Q

During (blank), the previously stretched arteries recoil. The volume of blood that is displaced by the recoil furnishes continuous capillary flow throughout this phase.

A

diastole

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13
Q

What are the functions of the veins?

A

conduits, major reservoir of blood, regulate cardiac ouput

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14
Q

What has the functions:

conduits, major reservoir of blood, regulate cardiac ouput

A

Veins

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15
Q

What are capable of constricting and enlarging and thereby storing either small or large quantities of blood making this blood available when it is required by the remainder of the circulation?

A

Veins

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16
Q

What can propel blood forward by means of so-called “pump” and they help to regulate cardiac output.

A

Veins

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17
Q

What stores the most blood?

A

veins and venules

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18
Q

What is the only blood vessel which have only an intimal layer of endothelial cells resting on a basal lamina?

A

Capillaries

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19
Q

The wall of blood vessels consists of three layers, what are they?

A

the intima (tunica intima), the media (tunica media), and the adventitia (tunica adventitia)

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20
Q

What does the tunica intima made up of?

A

endothelium

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21
Q

WHat is the tunica media made up of?

A

smooth muscle, collagen, elastin

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22
Q

What is the tunica adventitia made up of?

A

collagen, fibroblasts, vaso vasorum, nerves

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23
Q

Are veins or arteries bigger?

A

veins

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24
Q

Do arteries or veins have valves?

A

veins

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25
Q

Why are arteries so thick?

A

due to thick tunica media

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26
Q

Conducting or elastic arteries (i.e., aorta, subclavian, pulmonary arteries) are large ones, with very strong and relatively elastic walls, whose function is to (blank) the bulk of blood to regions of the body where it is to be distributed.

A

“conduct”

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27
Q

What are the conducting/elastic arteries?

A

aorta, subclavian, pulmonary arteries

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28
Q

Like a fire hose, (blank) must withstand an enormous head of pressure (the aorta most of all) to pump against the peripheral systemic resistance.

A

elastic arteries

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29
Q

Due to the high pressure in the aorta necessary to pump against peripheral systemic resistance, the wall is heavily reinforced to prevent bursting. The (blank) allow some stretching and “springiness” in response to the pressure, and the (blank) limit the degree of stretch permitted.

A

elastic fibers

collagen fibers

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30
Q

Once blood has reached the region of distribution (i.e., the limbs) it will be handled by smaller (but still fairly large) distributing or muscular arteries (i.e., femoral, facial, brachial, coeliac), which send it to sub-regions. These vessels have well-distinguished (blank) . The wall of the artery is mostly tunica media comprising almost entirely of smooth muscle cells.

A

internal elastic lamina

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31
Q

Because the pressure in the venous system is very low , the venous walls are (blank)

A

thin but muscular

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32
Q

Do venules have elastic fibers, smooth muscle, or collagen fibers?

A

NO, only endothelial cells

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33
Q

What do all blood vessels except for the capillaries and venules have?

A

elastic fibers, endothelial cells, smooth muscle, collagen fibers

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34
Q

Fibroblasts and nerve endings invade the (blank) and blood cells invade the (blank).

A

adventita

Intima

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35
Q

Both arteries and veins have (blank)

A

smooth muscle cells

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36
Q

Veins have much thinner (blank) than arteries.

A

tunica media

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37
Q

Smooth muscle cells are (blank) arranged probably forming a spiral or helix with a low pitch. What changes resistance more, length or diameter?

A

circumferentially

diameter

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38
Q

Veins have much larger cross-sectional areas than (blank).

A

arteries

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39
Q

area and velocity are (blank)

A

inversely proportional

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40
Q

Large veins have little (blank).

A

resistance

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41
Q

Compression by the surrounding tissues generate resistance to (blank)

A

blood flow

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42
Q

What is the force that impedes blood through the system.

A

resistance

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43
Q

Pressure in large veins is (blank) greater than the pressure in the right atrium/

A

4-7 mmHG

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44
Q

Where is pressure higher, in the veins or the right atrium?

A

veins (rt atrium typically 0 mm Hg)

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45
Q

(blank) are high resistance vessels that regulate the distribution of flow to he various capillary beds.

A

arterioles

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46
Q

(blank) have so little resistance to blood flow when they are distended that the resistance then is of almost no importance. ( due to larger cross-sectional area). However when compressed by surrounding tissues this creates the (blank)

A

Large veins

4-7 mm Hg resistance

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47
Q

(blank) is the total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of the circulation for each mm Hg pressure rise.

A

compliance (capacitance)

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48
Q

What is the equation for vascular compliance?

A

vascular complicance= (increase in volume)/(increase in pressure)

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49
Q

What are the most distensible blood vessels?

A

veins

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50
Q

(blank) store large quantities of blood.

A

veins

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51
Q

Even slight increases in pressure cause the (blank) to store .5 to 1 liter extra blood.

A

veins

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52
Q

Are all blood vessels distensible?

A

yes

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53
Q

Anatomically, the walls of arteries are far stronger than those of veins, so the (blank), on average, are more distensible than the arteries.

A

veins

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54
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

compliance =distensibility X volume

C=D x V

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55
Q

(blank) depends not only on the distensibility of the vessel, but also on the original volume of this vessel.

A

Compliance

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56
Q

Arteries can change pressure (blank) with a small change in volume while the venous system requires a (blank) change in volume to get any change in pressure

A

greatly

HUGE

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57
Q

What does changing the diameter of arteries do?

A

change the direction placement of blood flow

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58
Q

What does changing the diameter and pressure of veins do?

A

It effects cardiac output and venous return

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59
Q

(blank) can accomodate a lot of volume without increase the pressure very much

A

veins

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60
Q

What is the concept of delayed compliance?

A

the idea that blood volume will have a delayed effect on compliance i.e a change in blood will lead to increased or decreased pressure -> compliance will then occur after -> back to almost normal pressure

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61
Q

How can a large blood transfusion be related to delayed compliance?

A

If you increase blood volume you will get a spike in pressure-> delayed compliance will result and then you will get a lower pressure that is closer to normal

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62
Q

How can a hemorrage relate to delayed compliance?

A

if you decrease blood volume you will decrease pressure significantly-> delayed compliance and then and you will get an increase in pressure more close to normal.

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63
Q

(blank) is a valuable mechanism by which the circulation can adjust itself over a period of minutes to hours to increased (i.e., blood transfusion) or diminished (i.e., hemorrhage) blood volume.

A

Delayed compliance

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64
Q

Because blood vessels are (blank), blood flow is uninterrupted during the cardiac cycle.

A

Compliance

65
Q

the aging process diminishes the (blank) of the arteries.

A

Compliance

66
Q

Do capillaries get blood flow during systole and diastole? How?

A

yes; blood is stored in arteries during systole-> during diastole this stored blood is given to the capillaries

67
Q

When you age and have less compliant arteries, what happens?

A

you are unable to store blood during systole so your capillaries dont get blood during diastole

68
Q

When the arteries are normally (blank), blood flows through the capillaries throughout the cardiac cycle.

A

compliant

69
Q

When the arteries are (blank), blood flows through the capillaries during systole, but flow ceases during diastole.

A

rigid

70
Q

For any pressure above (blank), the compliance decreases with age.

A

80 mm Hg

71
Q

For any pressure 80 mm Hg, the compliance decreases with age. This change in compliance is a manifestation of the increased (blank) caused by progressive changes in the collagen and elastin contents of the arterial walls (i.e., atherosclerosis)

A

rigidity of the system

72
Q

As people age, the pressure-volume curves of their arterial systems shift (blank) , and the slopes of these curves (blank) .

A

downward

diminish

73
Q

Is the innervation of blood vessels provided by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

sympathetic

74
Q

What generates tyrosine hydroxylase?

A

sympathetic nerves

75
Q

Blood vessels are innervated primarily by the (blank)

A

sympathetic nervous system

76
Q

The vasoconstrictor fibers of the sympathetic nervous system supply the (blank).

A

arteries, arterioles, veins (NOT CAPILLARIES)

77
Q

Which vessels are more responsive to sympathetic nerve stimulation, arteries or veins?

A

veins

78
Q

Which are more densely innervated by sympathetic fibers, arteries or veins?

A

veins

79
Q

(blank) contract more in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation that (blank).

A

veins, arteries

80
Q

What blood vessel is norepinephrine released the most?

A

vein

81
Q

Veins are more responsive to (blank) hyperactivity

(i.e. during stress, hemorrhage, exercise) than arteries.

A

sympathetic

82
Q

If you increase smooth muscle tone via sympathetic stimulation you increase the (balnk) at each volume of the arteries or veins.

A

pressure

83
Q

sympathetic inhibition decreases the (blank) at each volume.

A

pressure

84
Q

Explain the effects of sympathetic stimulation

A

Veins constrict-> large volumes of blood shift to the heart-> pumping by the heart is increased

85
Q

An increase in (blank) throughout the systemic circulation often causes large volumes of blood to shift into the heart, which is a principal method that the body uses to increase the heart pumping.

A

vascular tone

86
Q

(blank) corresponds roughly to the volume enclosed by the right atrium and the great veins in the thorax.

A

Central venous pool

87
Q

Blood leave the central venous pool (right atrium) by entering the right ventrical at a rate that is equal to the (blank).

A

cardiac output

88
Q

If the heart is pumping strongly, the right atrial pressure (central venous pressure, respectively) (blank) .

A

decreases

89
Q

Anything that affects right atrial pressure affects (blank) everywhere in the body. (the circulation is a closed circuit)

A

venous pressure

90
Q

What consists of the central venous pool?

A

great veins in thorax and right atrium

91
Q

(blank) is the average blood pressure within the venous compartment

A

venous pressure

92
Q

(blank) is the average blood pressure within the peripheral venous pool.

A

peripheral venous pressure

93
Q

The pressure in the thoracic vena cava near the right atrium (CVP=right atrial pressure)

A

central venous pressure

94
Q

What is the filling pressure of the right heart?

A

central venous pressure

95
Q

What is a major determinant of the preload of the right ventricle, which regulates stroke volume through the Frank-Starling mechanism.

A

Central venous pressure

96
Q

What is the right atrial pressure (central venous pressure)?

A

0 mm Hg

97
Q

When you have a massive blood transfusion what is your right atrial pressure (central venous pressure)?

A

20-30 mm Hg

98
Q

When you have CHF what is your right atrial pressure?

A

4-6 mm Hg

99
Q

Pressure in the chest cavity is what?

A

-3 to -5 mm Hg

100
Q

What is the pressure in the peritoneal cavity?

A

6 mm Hg

101
Q

If you are pregnant, have ascites, or an abdominal tumor you peritoneal pressure can rise to (blank)

A

30 mm HG

102
Q

What is the pressure in the peripheral small veins?

A

4 to 7 mm Hg

103
Q

A change in CVP is determined by the change in what two things?

A

change in volume of blood w/in thoracic veins divided by the compliance of these veins

104
Q

CVP is increased by either an increase in (blank) or a decrease in (blank)

A

venous blood volume

venous compliance

105
Q

What is an example of decreased venous compliance?

A

venoconstriction

106
Q

CVP is increased in two ways, what are they?

A

more volume in venous part of circulation, increased venous tone increases CVP

107
Q

How does central venous pressure (atrial pressure) influence venous return?

A

The higher the atrial pressure the lower the venous return

108
Q

(blank) is by definition the rate at which blood returns to the thorax from the peripheral vascular bed and thus is the rate at which blood enters the central venous pool.

A

Venous return

109
Q

The volume of blood returning to the ventricles through veins (venous return) influences (blank)

A

cardiac output

110
Q

Anatomically, the peripheral venous pool is scattered throughout the systemic organs, but functionally it can be viewed as a (blank)

A

single vascular space that has a particular pressure (peripheral venous pressure, Ppv) at any instant time.

111
Q

It is the pressure difference between the peripheral and central venous pools that determines (blank)

A

venous return.

112
Q

If central venous pressure increases then venous return will (blank) because the pressure difference will be lower and you will get less venous return.

A

decrease

113
Q

How does peripheral venous pressure influence venous return?

A

increase peripheral venous pressure will increase venous return

114
Q

If you have an increase in volume of blood in veins and increased venous tone you will get an increase in (blank)

A

peripheral venous pressure

115
Q

If you increase blood volume or venous tone you will shift the venous return graph how?

A

to the right and up

116
Q

in any stable situation, venous return must equal (blank) or blood would gradually accumulate in either the central venous pool or the peripheral vasculature

A

cardiac output

117
Q

(blank) curves are simultaneous plots of cardiac output and venous return as a function of the right atrial pressure or end-diastolic volume.

A

cardiac and vascular function curves

118
Q

The cardiac output or cardiac function curve depicts the Frank-Starling relationship for the ventricle and shows that cardiac output is a function of (blank)

A

end-diastolic volume

119
Q

(balnk) curve depicts the relationship between blood flow through the vascular system (or venous return and right atrial pressure.

A

the venous return

120
Q

(blank)is the point at which the vascular function curve interacts with the x-axis and equals right atrial pressure when there is no flow in the cardiovascular system.

A

Mean systemic pressure

121
Q

(blank) depends on the volume and capacitance of the circulatory system and is an indicator of how full the circulatory system is.

A

mean systemic pressure

122
Q

(blank) is a theoretical concept about the fullness of the circulation.

A

Mean systemic pressure

123
Q

(blank) can be measured by stopping blood flow and allowing the pressure throughout the circulatory system to reach equilibrium.

A

Mean systemic pressure

124
Q

What happens if you increase blood volume?

A

you will get an increase in mean systemic pressure
increase in venous return
increase in right atrial pressure
increase in cardiac output

125
Q

Mean systemic pressure is increased by an (blank) in blood volume or by a decrease in (blank).

A

blood volume

venous compliance

126
Q

If you have decreased venous compliance what will happen to your blood?

A

will be shifted from veins to arteries

127
Q

An increase in mean systemic pressure is reflected in a shift of the vascular function curve to the (blank)

A

right

128
Q

Mean systemic pressure is decreased by a decrease in (blank) or by an increase in (blank).

A

blood volume

venous compliance

129
Q

If you have an increase in venous compliance what will happen to your blood?

A

it will be shifted from arteries to veins

130
Q

A decrease in mean systemic pressure is reflected in a shift of the vascular function curve to the (blank)

A

left

131
Q

On a cardiac output versus central venous pressure (atrial pressure) scale, what is the point at which the 2 points intersect?

A

the steady state/equilibrium

132
Q

(blank) occurs when cardiac output equals venous return.

A

Equilibrium

133
Q

Cardiac output can be changed by alternating what?

A

the cardiac output curve, venous return curve or both

134
Q

If your central venous pressure (right atrial pressure) is increased how do you restore your equilibrium?

A

If you have high atrial pressure you will have decreases venous return and increase cardiac output for a short period of time and then the system will return to normal.

135
Q

right ventricular (blank) increases via Starling’s law.

A

stroke volume

136
Q

When you increase central venous pressure (right atrial pressure) then you will cause an increase in (blank). The right heart output will temporarily exceed the output of the (blank). As long as this imbalance exists blood will accumulate in the pulmonary vasculature and rises pulmonary venous and left atrial pressure. Increased left atrial pressure increase the stroke volume via starling and you will reach a new (blank).

A

cardiac output
left heart
steady state

137
Q

If you have ventricular failure you will increase (blank)

A

right ventricular preload

138
Q

If you increase atrial contractility you will (blank) right ventricular preload.

A

increase

139
Q

If you increase ventricular compliance you will (blank) right ventricular preload.

A

increase

140
Q

If you increase venous pressure you will (blank) right ventricular preload.

A

increase

141
Q

If you increase venous volume you will increase (blank)

A

venous pressure

142
Q

If you decrease venous compliance you will (blank) venous pressure

A

increase

143
Q

If you increase inflow resistance you will (blank) right ventricular preload

A

decrease

144
Q

If you increase outflow resistance and afterload you will (blank) right ventricular preload.

A

increase

145
Q

If you increase heart rate you will (blank) right ventricular preload

A

decrease

146
Q

Blood volume, systemic pressure, venous tone, movements by skeletal muscle, intrapleural pressure, venous valves, and suction of relaxed atrium are all factors affecting (blank)

A

venous return

147
Q

The return of flow of blood to the heart is facilitated by what??

A

large diameter of veins, one way valves, skeletal muscle contraction and respiration

148
Q

IS the pressure in your feet higher than the pressure in your heart?

A

yes

149
Q

(blank) is the pressure that results from the weight of water (i.e., of blood in human body).

A

hydrostatic pressure

150
Q

(blank) is the concept that in any body of water, the pressure at the surface of the water is equal to the
atmospheric pressure, but the pressure
rises below the surface.

A

toricceli law

151
Q

WHat increases venous return and decreases venous volume?

A

the muscle pump

152
Q

When are the valves closed?

A

after contraction

153
Q

What break up the hydrostatic columnn of blood, thus lowering venous and capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

the valves of veins

154
Q

(blank) carry blood away from heart

A

artery

155
Q

(blank) has blood that is under great pressure

A

artery

156
Q

(Blank) have thick and elastic muscular walls and no valves

A

arteries

157
Q

(Blank) carry oxygenated blood

A

arteries

158
Q 
What is this?
1. Carry blood towards 
    the heart.
2. Blood is not under great 
    pressure.
3. Have relatively thin slightly  
    muscular walls.
4. Have semi-lunar valves along 
their lengths to prevent back 
flow of blood.
5. Carry deoxygenated blood
A

veins

Block 2 Week 3 (9 decks)

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