NERVOUS Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Brain
Spinal cord
A
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
2
Q
Nerve OUTSIDE the brain and spinal cord
A
PREIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
3
Q
Nerve fibers that CARRY INFORMATION TO the central nervous system
A
SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISION
4
Q
Nerve fibers that CARRY IMPULSES AWAY from the central nervous system
A
MOTOR (EFFERENT) DIVISION
5
Q
subdivisions of Motor (efferent) division:
voluntary
A
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
6
Q
subdivisions of Motor (efferent) division:
involuntary
A
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
7
Q
· ABUNDANT, STAR-shaped cells
· Brace neurons
· Form BARRIER between capillaries
and neurons
· Control the CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT of the brain (CNS)
A
ASTROCYTES
8
Q
· SPIDER-like phagocytes
· DISPOSE of debris
· EPENDYMAL cells (CNS)
· Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
· Circulate CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
A
MICROGLIA
9
Q
PRODUCE MYELIN SHEATH around nerve fibers in the central nervous system
A
OLIGODENDROCYTES
10
Q
Most brain tumors are
A
GLIOMAS
11
Q
these DIVIDE
A
NEUROGLIA
12
Q
these do not divide
A
NEURONS
13
Q
Most brain tumors involve the _______ cells
A
NEUROGLIA
14
Q
Protect neuron cell bodies
A
SATELLITE CELLS
15
Q
Form MYELIN SHEATH in the PERIPHERAL NS
A
SCHWANN CELLS
16
Q
Cells specialized to TRANSMIT messages
A
NEURONS
17
Q
also known as NERVE CELLS
A
NEURONS
18
Q
NUCLEUS and METABOLIC CENTER of the cell
A
CELL BODY
19
Q
FIBERS that extend from the cell body (dendrites and axons)
A
PROCESSES
20
Q
conduct impulses TOWARD the cell body
A
DENDRITES
21
Q
conduct impulses AWAY from the cell body (only 1!)
A
AXONS
22
Q
Axons end in
A
AXONAL TERMINALS
23
Q
contain VESICLES with NEUROTRANSMITTERS
A
AXONAL TERMINALS
24
Q
Axonal terminals are SEPARATED from the next neuron by a
A
GAP
25
gap between ADJACENT neurons
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
26
JUNCTION between nerves
SYNAPSE
27
produce myelin sheaths in JELLY-ROLL like fashion
SCHWANN CELLS
28
GAPS in myelin sheath ALONG THE AXON
NODES OF RANVIER
29
In _________ the myelin sheath is DESTROYED
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
30
In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath is _____
DESTROYED
31
The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called
SCLEROSES
32
An autoimmune disease where the myelin sheath is DESTROYED
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
33
Most NEURON CELL BODY are found in the
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
34
cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
GRAY MATTER
35
CLUSTERS of cell bodies within the WHITE MATTER of the central nervous system
NUCLEI
36
COLLECTIONS of cell bodies OUTSIDE the central nervous system
GANGLIA
37
· Carry impulses from the SENSORY RECEPTORS
· CUTANEOUS sense organs
· Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension
SENSORY (afferent) NEURONS
38
Carry impulses from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
MOTOR (efferent) NEURONS
39
detect stretch or tension
PROPRIOCEPTORS
40
association neurons
INTERNEURONS
41
· Found in NEURAL PATHWAYS in the central nervous system
· CONNECT sensory and motor neurons
INTERNEURONS
42
INTERNEURONS are found in the ______ in the CNS
NEURAL PATHWAYS
43
MANY EXTENSIONS from the cell body
MULTIPOLAR NEURONS
44
one axon and one dendrite
BIPOLAR NEURONS
45
have a SHORT SINGLE PROCESS leaving the cell body
UNIPOLAR NEURONS
46
ability to RESPOND to stimuli
IRRITABILITY
47
ability to TRANSMIT an impulse
CONDUCTIVITY
48
The plasma membrane at rest is
polarized
49
a stimulus DEPOLARIZES the neuron’s membrane
DEPOLARIZATION
50
A depolarized membrane allows _________ to FLOW INSIDE the membrane
SODIUM (Na+)
51
The EXCHANGE of ions initiates an ______ in the neuron
ACTION POTENTIAL
52
If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is ________ over the entire axon
PROPAGATED
53
_________ rush out of the neuron after SODIUM IONS RUSH IN, which
REPOLARIZES the membrane
POTASSIUM IONS
54
The sodium-potassium pump restores the
ORIGINAL CONFIGURATION
55
Impulses travel _____ when fibers have a myelin sheath
FASTER
56
Impulses travel FASTER when fibers have a ______
MYELIN SHEATH
57
Impulses are able to cross the _______ to another nerve
SYNAPSE
58
_________ is released from a nerve’s axon terminal
NEUROTRANSMITTER
59
The _______ of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter
DENDRITE
60
The dendrite of the next neuron has ______ that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter
RECEPTORS
61
The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the _________
NEUROTRANSMITTER
62
An action potential is started in the
DENDRITE
63
rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli
REFLEX
64
DIRECT ROUTE from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector
REFLEX ARC
65
· Smooth muscle regulation
· Heart and blood pressure regulation
· Regulation of glands
· Digestive system regulation
AUTONOMIC REFLEXES
66
Activation of skeletal muscles
SOMATIC REFLEXES
67
CNS develops from the
EMBRYONIC NEURAL TUBE
68
The neural tube becomes the ____ & the _____
BRAIN & SPINAL CORD
69
The opening of the neural tube becomes the _____
VENTRICLES
70
· Paired (left and right) SUPERIOR PARTS of the brain
· Include MORE THAN HALF of the brain MASS
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES (CEREBRUM)
71
The surface of CEREBRUM is made of
RIDGES (gyri) & GROOVES (sulci)
72
ridges
gyri
73
grooves
sulci
74
divide the CEREBRUM into LOBES
FISSURES
75
deep grooves
FISSURES
76
RECEIVES impulses from the body’s SENSORY RECEPTORS
SOMATIC SENSORY AREA
77
SENDS impulses to SKELETAL MUSCLES
PRIMARY MOTOR AREA
78
involved in our ability to SPEAK
BROCA'S AREA
79
involved in SPECIAL SENSES
CEREBRAL AREAS
80
Layers of the Cerebrum:
· OUTER layer
· Composed mostly of NEURON CELL BODIES
GRAY MATTER
81
Layers of the Cerebrum:
· FIBER tracts INSIDE THE GRAY MATTER
· Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres
WHITE MATTER
82
INTERNAL ISLANDS of gray matter
BASAL NUCLEI
83
· Regulates VOLUNTARY MOTOR ACTIVITIES by modifying info sent to the motor cortex
· Problems = ie unable to control muscles, spastic, jerky
· Involved in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s Disease
BASAL NUCLEI
84
BASAL NUCLEI are involved in what diseases
HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
85
· Sits ON TOP of the brain stem
· ENCLOSED by the cerebral hemispheres
· Made of THREE parts
· Thalamus
· Hypothalamus
· Epithalamus
DIENCEPHALON
86
THREE PARTS OF DIENCEPHALON
· Thalamus
· Hypothalamus
· Epithalamus
87
DIENCEPHALON is enclosed by the
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
88
· Surrounds the THIRD VENTRICLE
· The RELAY STATION for sensory impulses
· TRANSFERS IMPULSES to the CORRECT PART OF THE CORTEX for localization and interpretation
THALAMUS
89
· UNDER the thalamus
· Important autonomic nervous system center
· Helps REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE
· Controls WATER BALANCE
· Regulates METABOLISM
HYPOTHALAMUS
90
An important part of the LIMBIC system (emotions)
HYPOTHALAMUS
91
The PITUITARY GLAND is attached to the
HYPOTHALAMUS
92
· Forms the ROOF of the third ventricle
· Houses the PINEAL BODY (an endocrine gland)
· Includes the CHOROID PLEXUS – forms cerebrospinal fluid
EPITHALAMUS
93
Epithalamus Forms the ______ of the third ventricle
ROOD
94
Epithalamus Houses the
PINEAL BODY
95
forms cerebrospinal fluid
CHOROID PLEXUS
96
· Attaches to the spinal cord
BRAIN STEM
97
Parts of the brain stem
· Midbrain
· Pons
· Medulla oblongata
98
· Mostly composed of TRACTS OF NERVE FIBERS
· Reflex centers for VISION and HEARING
· Cerebral aquaduct – 3rd-4th ventricles
MIDBRAIN
99
· The BULGING CENTER part of the brain stem
· Mostly composed of FIBER TRACTS
· Includes nuclei involved in the CONTROL OF BREATHING
PONS
100
· The LOWEST PART of the brain stem
· Merges into the spinal cord
· Includes important fiber tracts
· Contains important control centers
· Heart rate control
· Blood pressure regulation
· Breathing
· Swallowing
· Vomiting
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
101
· Two hemispheres with CONVOLUTED surfaces
· Provides involuntary coordination of BODY MOVEMENTS
CEREBELLUM
102
Meninges
· DOUBLE-LAYERED EXTERNAL COVEINR
· FOLDS INWARD in several areas
DURA MATER
103
attached to SURFACE OF THE SKULL
PERIOSTEUM
104
OUTER COVERING of the
brain
MENINGEAL LAYER
105
Meninges
· MIDDLE layer
· WED-like
ARACHNOID LAYER
106
Meninges:
· INTERNAL layer
· CLINGS to the surface of the brain
PIA MATER
107
· Similar to BLOOD PLASMA composition
· Formed by the choroid plexus
· Forms a WATERY CUSHION to protect the brain
· Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
108
Cerebrospinal Fluid forms a _____ to protect the brain
WATERY CUSHION
109
Cerebrospinal Fluid is formed by
CHOROID PLEXUS
110
· Includes the LEAST PERMEABLE capillaries of the body
· EXCLUDES many potentially HARMFUL
substances
· Useless against some substances
· Fats and fat soluble molecules
· Respiratory gases
· Alcohol
· Nicotine
· Anesthesia
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
111
· SLIGHT brain injury
· NO PERMANENT brain damage
CONCUSSION
112
· Nervous tissue DESTRUCTION occurs
· Nervous tissue DOES NOT REGENERATE
CONTUSION
113
· SWELLING from the INFLAMMATORY response
· May COMPRESS and KILL brain tissue
CEREBRAL EDEMA
114
· Commonly called a STROKE
· The result of a RUPTURED BLOOD VESSEL supplying a region of the brain
· Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that BLOOD SOURCE DIES
· Loss of some functions or death may result
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA)
115
Below T12 is the
CAUDA EQUINA
116
a collection of SPINAL NERVES
CAUDA EQUINA
117
occur in the CERVICAL and LUMBAR regions
ENLARGEMENTS
118
· Progressive DEGENERATIVE disease
· Mostly seen in the ELDERLY, but may begin in middle age
· Structural changes in the brain include ABNORMAL PROTEIN DEPOSITS and TWISTED FIBERS within neurons
· Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death
Alzheimer’s Disease
119
Spinal Cord Anatomy:
conduction tracts
EXTERIOR WHITE MATER
120
Spinal Cord Anatomy:
mostly cell bodies
INTERNAL GRAY MATTER
121
Spinal Cord Anatomy:
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
CENTRAL CANAL
122
cover the spinal cord
MENINGES
123
collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system
DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA
124
bundle of neuron fibers
NERVE
125
Neuron fibers are bundled by
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
126
surrounds each fiber
ENDONEURIUM
127
Groups of fibers are bound into ______ by perineurium
FASCICLES
128
Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by ___________
PERINEURIUM
129
_______ are bound together by epineurium
FASCICLES
130
both sensory and motor fibers
MIXED NERVES
131
total pairs of the spinal cord
31 pairs
132
· The INVOLUNTARY branch of the nervous system
· Consists of ONLY MOTOR NERVES
· Divided into two divisions
· Sympathetic division
· Parasympathetic division
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
133
· Response to UNUSUAL STIMULUS
· Takes over to INCREASE ACTIVITIES
· Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
SYMPATHETIC - FLIGHT OR FLIGHT
134
· CONSERVES ENERGY
· Maintains DAILY necessary BODY FUNCTIONS
· Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis
PARASYMPATHETIC - HOUSEKEEPING ACTIVITIES
135
The nervous system is formed during the ______ of embryonic development
FIRST MONTH
136
one of the LAST areas of the brain TO DEVELOP
HYPOTHALAMUS
137
No more neurons are formed after
BIRTH
138
The brain reaches maximum weight as a
YOUNG ADULT
139
we can always grow
DENDRITES
140
an area of skin that is supplied by a SINGLE SPINAL NERVE
DERMATOME
141
a group of muscles that a SINGLE SPINAL NERVE ROOT innervates
MYOTOME
142
one of the only diseases that causes a rash in a DERMATOMAL PATTERN, and as such, this is its defining symptom
SHINGLES
143
A common childhood disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
CHICKENPOX
144
the motor equivalent of a dermatome
MYOTOME
145
an injury or wound to someone's body.
LESION
146
any DAMAGE or ABNORMAL CHANGE in the TISSUE of an organism, usually caused by DISEASE or TRAUMA
LESION
147
myotome distributions:
Neck flexion / extension
C1/C2
148
myotome distributions:
Neck lateral flexion
C3
149
myotome distributions:
Shoulder elevation
C4
150
myotome distributions:
Shoulder abduction
C5
151
myotome distributions:
Elbow flexion/wrist extension
C6
152
myotome distributions:
Elbow extension/wrist flexion
C7
153
myotome distributions:
Finger flexion
C8
154
myotome distributions:
Finger abduction
T1
155
myotome distributions:
Hip flexion
L2
156
myotome distributions:
Knee extension
L3
157
myotome distributions:
Ankle dorsi-flexion
L4
158
myotome distributions:
Great toe extension
L5
159
myotome distributions:
Ankle plantar flexion/ankle eversion/hip extension
S1
160
myotome distributions:
Knee flexion
S2
161
myotome distributions:
Anal reflex
S3-S4
