SPECIAL SENSES Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
primary taste sensations
A
salty, sweet, umami, sour, bitter
2
Q
taste is also known as
A
GUSTATION
3
Q
how many taste buds are found mainly on tongue
A
4,000
4
Q
begins with the action of CHEMICAL STIMULANTS on taste buds
A
TASTE (gustation)
5
Q
taste (gustation begins with the action of what chemical stimulants
A
TASTANTS
6
Q
visible BUMPS of taste buds
A
LINGUAL PAPILLAE
7
Q
groups of taste cells
A
TASTE BUDS
8
Q
NO taste buds
sense FOOD TEXTURE
A
FILIFORM
9
Q
WEAKLY developed
SIDES of tongue
taste buds degenerate by age 3
A
FOLIATE
10
Q
a FEW taste buds
at TIPS & SIDES of tongue
A
FUNGIFORM
11
Q
at REAR of tongue in a “V”
LARGE - contain up to 1/2 of all taste buds
A
VALLATE (circumvallate)
12
Q
LEMON-SHAPED groups of 50-150: taste cells, supporting cells, & basal cells
A
TASTE BUDS
13
Q
serve as RECEPTOR SURFACE for taste molecules
A
APICAL MICROVILLI (taste hairs)
14
Q
PIT into which the taste hairs project
A
TASTE PORES
15
Q
taste hairs are _____ cells
A
EPITHELIAL CELLS
16
Q
taste hairs synapse with and release neurotransmitters onto _________ at their base
A
SENSORY NEURONS
17
Q
_________ synapse with and release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons at their base
A
TASTE HAIRS
18
Q
taste hairs synapse with and release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons at their ____
A
BASE
19
Q
- stem cells that REPLACE taste cells every 7 - 10 days
- may have some sensory role
A
BASAL CELLS
20
Q
- RESEMBLE taste cells
- NO taste hairs, synaptic vesicles or sensory role
A
SUPPORTING CELLS
21
Q
basal cells replace taste cells every how many days
A
7 - 10 days
22
Q
- contains 10-20 million olfactory cells (neurons), epithelial supporting cells, and basal stem cells
- mucosa of the ROOF of the nasal cavity
- on average 2,000-4,000 odors distinguished
A
OLFACTORY MUCOSA
smell (olfaction)
23
Q
olfactory mucosa has how many odors distinguished on average
A
2,000 - 4,000
24
Q
olfactory cells are shaped like
A
BOWLING PINS
25
olfactory cells type of neurons
AFFERENT NEURONS
26
modified dendrite with swollen tip
OLFACTORY CELLS
27
olfactory cells' head bears how many cilia
10-20
28
olfactory cells have binding sites for odorant molecules and are _______
NON-MOTILE
29
olfactory hairs
CILIA
30
______ of each cell becomes the axon on olfactory cells
BASAL END
31
_______ collect into small fascicles and leave the nasal cavity through the cribriform foramina in the ethmoid bone
AXONS
32
axons collect into small fascicles and leave the nasal cavity through the ____________ in the ethmoid bone
CRIBRIFORM FORAMINA
33
axons collect into small fascicles and leave the nasal cavity through the cribriform foramina in the ____________
ETHMOID BONE
34
a response to VIBRATING AIR molecules (i.e., mechanoreception)
HEARING
35
the sense of MOTION, body orientation, and BALANCE
EQUILIBRIUM
36
hearing & equilibrium both reside in the ______, a mase of fluid-filled passages and sensory cells
INNER EAR
37
_______ is set in motion and the sensory cells convert this motion into an informative pattern of action potentials
FLUID
38
fluid is set in motion and the sensory cells convert this motion into an _____________ of action potentials
INFORMATIVE PATTERN
39
fluid is set in motion and the sensory cells convert this motion into an informative pattern of __________
ACTION POTENTIALS
40
a FUNNEL to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
OUTER EAR
41
directs sound down the AUDITORY CANAL
AURICLE (pinna)
42
- passage leading through TEMPORAL BONE to TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (eardrum)
AUDITORY CANAL
43
______ protect outer end of ear canal
GUARD HAIRS
44
earwax
CERUMEN
45
located in the AIR-FILLED TYMPANIC CAVITY in temporal lobe
MIDDLE EAR
46
- CLOSES the inner end of the auditory canal (separates it from middle ear)
- vibrates FREELY in response to sound
- innervated by sensory branches of VAGUS & TRIGEMINAL nerves
- highly sensitive to pain
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (eardrum)
47
tympanic membrane (eardrum) is innervated by sensory branches of ____ & ______ nerves
VAGUS & TRIGEMINAL
48
- space only 2 - 3mm wide between outer & inner ears
- contains auditory ossicles which connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
TYMPANIC CAVITY
49
this connects the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
AUDITORY OSSICLES
50
AUDITORY OSSICLES
malleus
incus
stapes
51
- connects MIDDLE EAR to NASOPHARYNX
- equalizes AIR PRESSURE
- normally CLOSED, swallowing or yawning open it
- allows THROAT INFECTIONS to spread to middle ear
AUDITORY (eustachian) TUBE
52
- housed in a maze of temporal bone passageways -- bony (osseous) labyrinth
- lined by a system of fleshy tubes -- membranous labyrinth
INNER EAR
53
inner ear is lined by a system of FLESHY TUBES called
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
54
inner ear is housed in a maze of temporal bone passageways called
BONY (OSSEOUS) LABYRINTH
55
between the bony and membranous labyrinth is a cushion of fluid called
PERILYMPH
56
within the membranous labyrinth is a fluid called the
ENDOLYMPH
57
contains the organs of equilibrium
VESTIBULE
58
organ of HEARING
COCHLEA
59
- coordination, balance, and orientation in three-dimensional space
- static or dynamic
EQUILIBRIUM
60
RECEPTORS for equilibrium that consist of three semicircular ducts & two chambers
VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
61
detect only ANGULAR ACCELERATION
THREE SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS
62
- saccule & utricle
- responsible for STATIC EQUILIBRIUM and LINEAR ACCELERATION
TWO CHAMBERS
63
change in velocity in a STRAIGHT LINE
LINEAR ACCELERATION
64
64
orientation of the head when the body is in STATIONARY
STATIC
65
perception of MOTION or ACCELERATION
DYNAMIC
66
the change in the RATE OF ROTATION
ANGULAR ACCELERATION
67
perception of objects in the environment by means of LIGHT they EMIT or REFLECT
VISION (sight)
68
must cause a PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION to produce a nerve signal
LIGHT
69
light must cause a ______________ to produce a nerve signal
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACITON
70
DOMINANT sense in terms of number of receptor cells
VISION & LIGHT
71
- TRANSPARENT mucous membrane
- lines eyelids & anterior surface of the eyeball, EXCEPT CORNEA
- richly innervated & vascular
- secretes a thin mucous film that PREVENTS THE EYEBALL FROM DRYING
CONJUNCTIVA
72
tear duct
LACRIMAL GLAND
73
6 extrinsic muscles attach to exterior surface of the eyeball
EYE MUSCLES
74
how many eye muscles
6
75
how many RECTUS muscles
4
76
how many OBLIQUE muscles
2
77
- superior, inferior, medial, & lateral
- move the eye UP/DOWN, MEDIALLY/LATERALLY
RECTUS MUSCLES
78
- superior & inferior
- down & out; up & out
OBLIQUE MUSCLES
79
forms the wall of the eyeball
3 LAYERS (tunics)
80
contains SCLERA & CORNEA
TUNICA FIBROSA
81
contains CHOROID, CILIARY BODY, IRIS
TUNICA VASCULOSA
82
contains RETINA, OPTIC NERVE
TUNICA INTERNA
83
- admit & FOCUS LIGHT
- cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
OPTICAL COMPONENTS
84
- retina & optic nerve
- macula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc
NEURAL COMPONENT
85
highly vascular, DEEPLY PIGMENTED layer BEHIND RETINA
CHOROID
86
- EXTENSION of choroid; a MUSCULAR RING around lens
- supports lens & iris
- secretes aqueous humor
CILIARY BODY
87
- COLORED DIAPHRAGM controlling size of pupil
IRIS
88
WHITE of the eye
SCLERA
88
outer fibrous layer
TUNICA FIBROSA
89
TRANSPARENT region of modified sclera in front of eye that ADMITS LIGHT
CORNEA
90
MIDDLE VASCULAR LAYER
TUNICA VASCULOSA (uvea)
91
transparent elements that admit light, refract light rays, and focus images on retina
OPTICAL COMPONENTS
92
transparent outer cover
CORNEA
93
serous fluid
AQUEOUS HUMOR
94
changes shape to focus light
LENS
95
jelly
VITREOUS HUMOR
96
retina & optic nerve
NEURAL COMPONENTS
97
PATCH of RETINA on visual axis of eye
MACULA LUTEA
98
- CENTER of macula
- FINELY DETAILED IMAGES due to packed receptor cells
FOVEA CENTRALIS
99
- NO receptor cells
- BLIND SPOT
OPTIC DISC
100
RODS & CONES
PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS
101
- NIGHT VISION, monochromatic (greyscale)
- 120 million
RODS
102
- DAY VISION, COLOUR vision
- 5-6 million
CONES
103
how many rods
120M
104
how many cones
5-6M
