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Biology GCSE > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Aqueous Humour

A

the clear fluid filling the space in front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea

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2
Q

Axon

A

the long part of a neurone

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3
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

decision making part of the brain

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4
Q

Blind Spot

A

a spot at the back of the eye where the nerves join and light cannot reach

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5
Q

Central Nervous System

A

system that controls voluntary and involuntary reactions

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

co-ordinates movement and balance and is important for voluntary tasks

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7
Q

Cerebrum

A

the largest part of the brain, divided into four lobes

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8
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

the lobe that lies immediately behind the forehead, controls areas concerned with behaviour, learning, personality and voluntary movement

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9
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

the rearmost lobe in the central hemisphere of the brain

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10
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

the lobe at the top of the head, concerned with reception and correlation of sensory information

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11
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

located underneath the temples, concerned with understanding speech

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12
Q

Cilary Muscles

A

pull the lens for focusing

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13
Q

Circular Muscles

A

muscles that contract causing the lens to constrict

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14
Q

CAT Scans

A

Computerised Axial Tomography Scans

scans that use a series of x-ray images from the different angles and a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the body’s internal structure

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15
Q

Concave Lens

A

a lens for short-sighted people that focuses the light on the retina and makes it converge later

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16
Q

Convex Lens

A

a lens for long-sighted people that focuses the light on the retina and makes it converge earlier

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17
Q

Coordination Centres

A

areas that receive information from receptors and send out signals to coordinate a response from the body

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18
Q

Cornea

A

lets light into the eyes and begins focusing

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19
Q

Cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

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21
Q

Effector

A

the part of the nerve that carries stimulus to muscles, organs and glands

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22
Q

fMRI Scans

A

scans that produce images related to the levels of oxygen in the blood and therefore to metabolic function, and hence, localised brain activity. These scanners produce images related to the water molecule’s hydrogen nuclei and therefore to anatomical structure. These are expensive and are mainly used for experimental research

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23
Q

Grey Matter

A

the darker tissue of the brain comprimising mainly of nerve cell bodies and dendrites

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24
Q

Hippocampus

Study These Flashcards
A

where new memories are stored in the brain before going to long-term memory

25
Hippocrates
the first person to believe that senses were linked to the brain
26
Homeostasis
a balancing act that attempts to keep everything as constant as possible, such as regulation of internal conditions of cells to maintain optimum conditions for functioning
27
Hyperopia
long-sightedness, where the focal point is behind the retina
28
Hypothalamus
part of the brain that controls things like body temperature, hunger, thirst and sleep
29
Impulse
a wave of electrical charge across a neurone
30
Iris
controls the amount of light entering the eye
31
Laboratory Stage
the first part of a drug trial, where drugs are first tested on computer models, then on human cells, which is where most fail due to toxicity, then onto animal trials, where side effects begin to be studied
32
Lens
focuses light on the retina
33
Macular Degeneration
when light-sensitive cells in the middle of the retina stop working
34
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging a study method that involves scanning the brain using powerful magnets and radio waves
35
Medulla
sits at the top of the spinal cord, closest to the central nervous system. It sends messages down the spinal cord, controls movement, relays sensory impulses, relays information from internal organs, controls the arousal, controls sleep, regulates blood pressure and controls digestion, breathing and heart beating
36
Motor End Plate
where a motor neurone ends
37
Myelin Sheath
a fatty protective coating that protects the axon in neurones
38
Myopia
shortsightedness, where the focal point is in front of the retina
39
Nerve
tissue made up of neurones
40
Motor Neurone
neurones that have impulses travel down the neurone fibre from the motor neurone cell body to the neurone endings in the muscle or gland
41
Relay Neurone
neurones that pass signals between nerves
42
Sensory Neurone
neurones that have impulses that travel down through the neurone fibre through a sensory neurone cell body to neurone endings in the central nervous system
43
Neurosurgeon
a doctor that specialises in brains
44
Neurotransmitters
a chemical substance released at the end of a nerve fibre by the arrival of a nerve impulse, that, by diffusing across the synapse, effects the transfer of one nerve to another
45
Optic Nerve
the nerve that sends signals from the eyes to the brain
46
Paul Broca
discovered that people with speech impediments often had lesions on the cerebral cortex, making him the first person to link a specific part of the brain to a specific function
47
Phineas Gage
a man who was working on the railway and was involved in an accident where a metal pole went through his head and survived, though he had a vastly different personality
48
Pupil
lets light through to the lens
49
Radial Muscles
muscles that constrict causing pupils to dilate
50
Receptors
cells that detect stimuli in an external environment
51
Reflex Actions
automatic protection
52
Replacement Lens
one of the most recent treatments for long- and short-sighted people, where an extra lens is added to permanently correct vision defects
53
Retina
a light-sensitive layer that sends signals to the optic nerve
54
Sclera
the white outer layer of the eyeball
55
Suspensory Ligaments
ligaments that hold the lens in place
56
Synapse
the microscopic gap between two neurones
57
Tapetum
also known as the choroid, a reflective layer in the eyes of some animals, making them shine in the dark
58
Vitreous Humour
the transparent gelatinous tissue filing the eyeball behind the lens
59
White Matter
the paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve fibres with their myelin sheaths

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