The Heart Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
A-Chain
A
part of the structure of haemoglobin
2
Q
Agranulocyte
A
part of the blood, with an oval- or kidney-shaped nucleus with a uniform cytoplasm
3
Q
Alpha Cells
A
cells responsible for synthesising and secreting glucagon
4
Q
Anticoagulation
A
blood thinners
5
Q
Anti-Diuretics Hormone
A
hormone that stops the production of urine
6
Q
Aortic Arch
A
structure of the aorta, refers to how it arches around before going down to the body
7
Q
Arterial Blood
A
oxygenated blood
8
Q
Arterioles
A
small arteries
9
Q
Arterioventricular Valves
A
valve between the atrium and the ventricles
10
Q
Artificial Heart
A
occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a transplant, or for the heart to rest as an aid to recover
11
Q
Artificial Pacemaker
A
implanted under the skin, in the chest where a wire connects it through a vein to the right atrium, this sends impulses to the heart muscle, making it contract in the correct rhythm
12
Q
Artificial Valve
A
used to replace heart valves that stiffen with age or are damaged due to viral infection can be taken from pigs or cows or made from metals such as titanium, the only type of transplant that does not require immunosuppressants afterwards as there are no capillaries and therefore no white blood cells to reject them
13
Q
Mechanical Valve
A
man-made valves, last forever, but people need to take anticoagulation drugs for the rest of their life to prevent clots forming on the valve
14
Q
Tissue Valve
A
taken from pigs and cows, no need for any drugs taken afterwards, but only last for 12-15 years
15
Q
Atria
A
upper chambers of the heart
16
Q
Backflow
A
when blood starts flowing the wrong way
17
Q
Basophil
A
makes 0.5% of the blood, has cytoplasmic blue granules
18
Q
B-Chain
A
part of the structure of haemoglobin
19
Q
Beta Cells
A
cells responsible for synthesising and secreting insulin
20
Q
Bicuspid Valve
A
heart disease causing the heart valve to have only two flaps of tissue instead of three
21
Q
Black Blood
A
deoxygenated blood
22
Q
Bladder
A
stores urine
23
Q
Blood Clots
A
a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that convert fibrinogen into fibrin, creating a network of protein fibres, red blood cells and platelets that stop you bleeding to death a wound site
24
Q
Blood Vessels
A
thought to transport proteins and carbohydrates
25
Bowman's Capsule
filters blood before it gets into the nephrons
26
Bypass Surgery
surgery to replace narrow or blocked arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body, used for badly blocked arteries where stents will not help
27
Calyces
cup-shaped cavities in which urine collects in the kidneys before going to the urethra to the bladder
28
Capillary Bed
network of capillaries
29
Cold-Blooded
animals whose body temperature varies depending on the environment
30
Cortical
outer portion of the kidneys where urine is made
31
Diabetes Mellitus
a group of disorders that affect the body's ability to regulate blood glucose levels
32
Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
usually developed suddenly in childhood where the body is unable to produce its own insulin, thought to be caused by the immune system producing beta cells, can be controlled with insulin injections and management of diet and exercise, can cause damage to kidneys
33
Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin-Independent Diabetes
occurs mainly in people over 40, however it is becoming increasingly common in adolescents, is a condition caused by glycoprotein receptors on the body losing their responsiveness to insulin or an inadequate supply of insulin from the pancreas, can be controlled by careful regulating of diet and exercise
34
Diuretics
make you produce more urine
35
Double Closed Circulatory System
the type of circulatory system found in mammals with two systems, one for the lungs and a larger one for the rest of the body
36
Endocarditis
virus causing inflammation of the lining of the heart, often causing damage to heart valves
37
Endothelium
single layer of cells lining the blood vessels
38
Eosinophil
makes up 1.5% of the blood, has large red cytoplasmic granules
39
Fibrin
protein used in blood clotting
40
Fibrinogen
soluble protein in blood plasma, produces fibrin
41
Genetically-Engineered Insulin
insulin that is genetically engineered by bacteria, instead of taking it from criminals and purifying it, as this was risky because people would have allergic reactions to it
42
Granulocyte
part of blood, has a lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm
43
Haemoglobin
a red pigment found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen
44
Haem Group
this contains iron that creates oxyhaemoglobin
45
Haemoglobin
a red pigment found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen
46
Haemolyph
liquid between haemoglobin and lymph, found in creatures like earthworms who have open circulatory systems
47
Haemophilia
inherited disease where people's platelets don't work properly, meaning they can easily bleed to death
48
Hair Erector
strand of muscle that controls a hair on the skin, contracting in cold weather to create a goosebump and make the hair stand up, and relaxing in cold weather
49
HLHS
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
50
Immunothrombocytopenia
condition where the body's immune system attacks platelets
51
Inferior Vena Cava
brings blood back to the heart from the rest of the body
52
Irregular Heartbeat
where the body's natural pacemaker is faulty
53
Kidney
the body’s blood filters, regulates blood water levels, absorbs useful substances such as sugar into the blood, selectively absorbs salt, water and ion levels into the blood, excretes urea and other metabolic wastes
54
Kidney Disease
where Bowman's capsule lets proteins through the nephrons
55
Kidney Stones
when hard little rocks made of calcified salt and ions form in the kidneys which then need to be excreted from the body in urine
56
Lobed Nucleus
allows white blood cells to engulf pathogens
57
Major Calyx
cup-shaped parts of the kidneys renal pelvis that surround the renal papillae
58
Minor Calyx
branches of the renal pelvis in the kidney
59
Monocyte
makes up approximately 4% of the blood, has kidney-shaped nucleus and a plentiful cytoplasm
60
Nephrons
tiny tubules that make up the kidneys
61
Natural Pacemaker
located in the right atria, sends electrical signals to the heart to control the heartbeat
62
Neutrophil
makes up 70% of the blood, has small pink cytoplasmic granules
63
Open Circulatory System
the circulatory system found in creatures such as earthworms, essentially a sack of haemolymph and often multiple hearts
64
Osmoregulation
cycle that regulates water levels in the blood, using negative feedback
65
Oxyhaemoglobin
substance found when oxygen and haemoglobin react
66
Pancreas Transplant
the only cure for type 1 diabetes, thought it is rarely done as it is extremely risky and expensive so scientists are instead looking at genetically modifying a person’s own pancreas cells to produce insulin
67
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
condition where blood flows straight between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
68
Plasma
a yellow liquid that transports blood cells and some other substances around the body, such as waste carbon dioxide and urea
69
Platelets
small fragments of cells with no nucleus that help with blood clotting
70
Postcava
another word for inferior vena cava, with carries blood to other parts of the body
71
Precava
another word for superior vena cava, which carries blood to the brain
72
Pulmonary Artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the lungs
73
Pulmonary Stenosis
narrowing of the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
74
Pulmonary Vein
carries deoxygenated blood from the left atrium at the front
75
Reabsorption
where all of a substance, such as sugar, is absorbed by the kidneys
76
Renal Artery
artery that brings blood to the kidneys
77
Renal Columns
anchors the renal cortex to the kidneys
78
Renal Cortex
the outermost part of the kidney
79
Renal Failure
also known as kidney failure, when the kidneys is no longer able to filter blood effectively possibly due to plasma not being properly absorbed or proteins and cells passing through Bowman's Capsule, without dialysis or transplant, this causes death in 3-4 days
80
Renal Medulla
the innermost part of the kidney
81
Renal Papillae
small protubances on the kidney
82
Renal Pelvis
flows from the kidneys to the urethra
83
Renal Pyramids
group of tubules that transports urine around the kidneys
84
Renal Vein
veins that brings blood away from the kidneys
85
Segmental Artery
arteries the supply the small segments of the kidney
86
Selective Reabsorption
where some of a substance, such as water, salt or ions is absorbed by the kidneys
87
Septum
partition separating the chambers of the heart
88
Sickle Cell Diseases
a group of inherited blood disorders that cause the blood cells to be the wrong shape, so therefore do not live as long as healthy blood cells, can block blood vessels and struggle to carry haemoglobin
89
Single Closed Circulatory System
the type of circulatory system found in fish, with closed vessels
90
Statins
drugs to reduce blood cholesterol levels, slowing down the rate at which fatty material is deposited in the coronary arteries, mainly prescribed to people at risk of cardiovascular disease
91
Stent
a metal mesh that is placed in the artery with a tiny balloon inside that is inflated to open up the blood vessel and the stent at the same time, then the balloon is deflated and removed, but the stent remains in place holding the blood vessel open, allowing blood to flow freely without use of a general anaesthetic, many stents also release anticoagulation drugs
92
Superior Vena Cava
brings blood back to the heart from the brain
93
Thermoreceptors
receptors on the skin that detect changes in temperature
94
Thrombocytopenia
condition caused by low levels of platelets in the blood, treated with blood transfusions and occasionally splenectomy
95
Tricuspid Valve
heart valve with three flaps of tissue
96
Tubules
tiny tubes in the body
97
Tunica External
outer layer of the arteries, made from elastic fibres and collagen fibres
98
Tunica Intima
lining of arteries, with only one layer of cells
99
Tunica Media
thin middle layer of the arteries, made from muscle and elastic fibres
100
Urea
a waste product of digesting proteins, created when excess amino acids are broken down by the liver, but is toxic, so must be excreted from the body, being filtered out of the body by kidneys and then stored in the body in the bladder as part of urine
101
Ureta
carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
102
Urethra
carries urine out of the body
103
Urine
made up of urea, water, salts and other metabolic wastes
104
Valve Tendon
tendon that moves the heart valves
105
Varicose Veins
condition where veins become swollen and enlarged
106
Vascular Resistance
the resistance that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow
107
Vasoconstriction
where capillaries constrict to allow less blood to flow closer to the skin on cold days
108
Vasodilation
where capillaries get wider to allow more blood to flow closer to the skin on hot days
109
Venioles
small veins
110
Ventricles
lower chambers of the heart
111
Warm-Blooded
animals who maintain a constant body temperature
