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Medicine > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A
  1. Integrates and coordinates incoming neuronal signals
  2. Carries out higher functions including thinking, learning and memory
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2
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the cervical segment of the spine?

A

7

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3
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the Thoracic segment of the spine?

A

12

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4
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the lumbar segment of the spine?

A

5

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5
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the sacral segment of the spine?

A

5

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6
Q

How many spinal nerves do you have? How are they named?

A

One pair (left and right) for each bone of the spine.

In the cervical region of the spine, the corresponding nerve is above its bone (each c2 nerve is above the c2 bone)

In the other regions of the spine, the corresponding nerve is below its bone (e.g. T3 nerve is below the T3 bone)

This does mean that there is an ‘extra nerve’, the C8 nerve sits between the C7 bone and T1 bone.

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7
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have? How are they named.

A

12 pairs in total. 1 pair (the vagus nerves) arises from the brain stem, the rest from the brain. They are named using roman numerals

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8
Q

In the autonomic nervous system? How are the nerves in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system arranged?

A

The nerves in the parasympathetic nervous system are grouped to exit the spinal cord at the brain stem and sacral region.
The nerves in the sympathetic nervous system are grouped to exit the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine.

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9
Q

How many neurones are there in a simple sensory pathway and what are they called? Do the neurones stay on the same side of the body?

A
  1. First, second and third order neurones.

No, they cross over which is why one side of the body is controlled by the brain on the other side.

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10
Q

How many neurones are there in a simple motor pathway and what are they called?

A
  1. Upper motor neurone and lower motor neurone
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11
Q

How many neurones are there in an autonomic pathway?

A
  1. A pre-ganglionic neurone is before the ganglion and a post-ganglionic neurone is after the ganglion.

They travel from the CNS to the effector organ.

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12
Q

What are the different lobes of the brain called?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal and cerebellum

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13
Q

What is the function of the Frontal Lobe of the brain?

A

Decision making- how you think and how you move (controls skeletal muscle)

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14
Q

What is the function of the Occipital lobe of the brain?

A

Visual processing

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15
Q

Temporal lobe function?

A

Auditory processing and memories

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16
Q

Parietal lobe function?

A

Home to the primary somatic sensory area.

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17
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Divides the frontal and parietal lobe

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18
Q

What is the lateral sulcus?

A

Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

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19
Q

Cerebellum function?

A

Responsible for maintenance of balance and posture

20
Q

What are gyri and sulci? What is their function?

A

Gyri are the raised areas of the brain and sulci are the deep grooves of the brain. They work together to increase the surface area of the cortex?

21
Q

What 3 parts make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, Pons and Medulla oblongata

22
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

Connects the right and left side of the brain. Millions of myelinated neurones pass through this area.

23
Q

What are the ventricles in the internal brain?

A

Series of spaces that produce and drain Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

24
Q

What are the 4 layers of the meninges from top to bottom? What do they do?

A

The meninges protect the CNS.
Dura mater- tough, fibrous tissue
Arachnoid mater- delicate, spidery layer which encloses the sub-arachnoid space
Sub-arachnoid space- where cerebrospinal fluid flows
Pia mater- thin and transparent layer which is closest to the brain and spinal cord

25
Q

What do Catecholamines do?

A

They are involved in the stimulation of our organs by the sympathetic nervous system and trigger the fight or flight response.

26
Q

What different molecules do preganglionic and postganglionic neurons release?

A

Preganglionic neurons= acetylcholine which binds to nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neurones

Postganglionic neurons= release catecholamines which bind to adrenergic receptors on the target organ cells.

27
Q

What type of receptor is an adrenergic receptor?

A

It is a G- Protein Coupled Receptor.
It goes across the membrane 7 times.

28
Q

How is the alpha subunit of a G protein inactivated?

A

Releases a phosphate from GTP which provides the energy needed to activate another protein. This converts GTP back to GDP so the alpha subunit rejoins with the Gamma and beta subunits of the G protein.

29
Q

Which type of receptors are coupled with Gq, Gi and Gs proteins?

What receptors can adrenaline and noradrenaline bind to?

A

Alpha 1= Gq
Alpha 2= Gi
Beta 1,2,3 = Gs

Noradrenaline can bind to alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta 1 receptors
Adrenaline can bind to alpha 1,2 and beta 1,2,3 receptors.

30
Q

What is the Beta adrenergic receptor pathway (Gs)?

A

Catecholamine binds to beta adrenergic receptor.
Activates Gs protein.
Activates adenylate cyclase.
Converts ATP to cAMP.
cAMP binds to Protein Kinase A which frees the catalytic subunit of PKA which can then go and bind to other molecules in the cell to trigger a cellular response

31
Q

What happens in an alpha 2 adrenergic receptor pathway (Gi)?

A

Catecholamine binds to an alpha 2 adrenergic receptor which activates a Gi protein which then inhibits adenylate cyclase which causes a negative feedback on the effect of Gs. This is important in inactivating cells that are less important in the fight or flight response such as the GI tract and the bladder.

32
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

33
Q

What neurotransmitter binds to cholinergic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine

34
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

They are found on target organ cells. This is because some postganglionic neurones release acetylcholine which binds to muscarinic receptors on the target organ cells.

35
Q

What is the structure of nicotinic receptors?

What happens when acetylcholine binds?

A

They have 5 subunits (2 alpha, 1 beta, 1 gamma and 1 delta).

As nicotinic receptors are ligand gated, they open up when acetylcholine binds which creates a channel for sodium and potassium ions to cross the membrane

36
Q

What G proteins are coupled with the M1-5 receptors?

A

M1- Gq, Gi and Gs
M2- Gi
M3- Gq
M4- Gi
M5- Gq

37
Q

Describe a Gq pathway with an M1, M3 or M5 receptor?

A

Acetylcholine binds to M1,M3 or M5 receptor which changes the shape of the receptor
This allows Gq protein to release GDP and bind GTP instead.
Alpha subunit of Gq protein activates Phosphlipase C (PLC)
PLC splits Phosphatidylinositol 4,5- Bisphosphate (PIP2) into 2 parts (IP3- soluble and diffuses freely in the cytoplasm and DAG- remains attached to cell membrane)
IP3 travels through cytoplasm where it binds to endoplasmic reticulum where it opens up calcium channels causing calcium to flow into cytoplasm from ER leading cell depolarisation.
Meanwhile, DAG binds to PKC (which binds to calcium when concentration in the cell is high enough)
When PKC is bound to calcium it then phosphorylates other groups in the cell which triggers a cellular response

38
Q

What is meant by inhibitory interneurons?

A

This is where the neurone in a receptive field that gets the strongest signal sends signals to the other neurones in the receptive field that supress their activity and helps to pin point a strong stimulus by defining its boundaries. (Also called lateral inhibition)

39
Q

What is the difference between phasic and tonic receptors?

A

Phasic receptors are fast adapting and are very active when the stimulus starts. They then stop firing quickly (for example you can forget about a watch on your wrist a few seconds after putting it on your wrist).

Tonic receptors are slow adapting so last for a longer duration. They keep firing for longer which allows you to read signals such as braile.

40
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

They respond to potentially damaging stimuli by triggering pain (as a protective mechanism)

41
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

A landmark of the brain that separates the frontal and parietal lobe. It also separates the primary motor cortex from the primary sensory cortex. (Primary motor cortex is in front of the primary sensory cortex)

42
Q

What is the dorsal column pathway? (also called medial lemniscal pathway)

When does it cross over to the other side?

A

This conveys sensory information for discriminative touch, proprioception and vibration.

In the medulla

43
Q

What is the spinothalamic system?

When do fibres cross the midline of the spinal cord?

A

Concerned with conveying temperature and pain (lateral), with some crude aspects of touch (this means you know you have been touched but don’t know where) (anterior). From the skin to the somatosensory area of the thalamus.

Cross the midline when they join it.

44
Q

How many neurones are in the spinothalamic and medial lemniscal pathways?

A

3

45
Q

What is the trigeminal system? How may neurones in the pathway.

A

Somatic sensations of the head. 3 again

46
Q

What is the spinocerebellar tract?
How many neurone pathways?

What are the 2 types?

A

Relays unconscious information proprioceptive information from the lower limbs and trunk to the cerebellum.

2 neurone pathways

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (stays ipsilateral) and ventral spinocerebellar tract (contralateral)

Medicine (42 decks)

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