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ANAPHY LECTURE > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

5 main functions of the nervous system

A

receiving sensory input
integrating information
controlling muscles and glands
maintaining homeostasis
establishing and maintaining mental activity

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2
Q

major divisions of the nervous system

A

central NS
peripheral NS

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3
Q

what are the components of the central nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord

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4
Q

what are the components of the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

sensory division
motor division

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6
Q

this division of the PNS transmits signals from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

sensory division

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7
Q

this division of the PNS transmits signals from the CNS to effector organs

A

motor division

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8
Q

3 major parts of neuron

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

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9
Q

these are short cytoplasmic extensions in the neuron cell body

A

dendrites

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10
Q

this part of the neuron conducts action potentials either toward or away from the CNS

A

axon

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11
Q

axons of motor neurons conduct action potentials ___________ the CNS

A

away from

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12
Q

axons of sensory neurons conduct action potentials ___________ the CNS

A

toward

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13
Q

this is a single long process extending from the neuron cell body

A

axon

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14
Q

types of glial cells

A

astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia
oligodendrocytes
schwann cells
satellite cells

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15
Q

other word for glial cells

A

neuroglia

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16
Q

this type of glial cell provides support and nutrition to the neurons

A

satellite cells

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17
Q

what is the primary function of schwann cells

A

provide insulation via myelin sheaths

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18
Q

what types of glial cells provide insulation of the axon

A

schwann cells
oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

what is the primary function of ependymal cells

A

these line fluid-filled cavities

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20
Q

these serve as the major supporting cells in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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21
Q

these act as immune cells of the CNS

A

microglia

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22
Q

3 types of neurons

A

multipolar
bipolar
pseudo-unipolar

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23
Q

this type of neuron has many dendrites and one axon

A

multipolar neuron

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24
Q

how many dendrites and axons does a bipolar neuron have

A

one dendrite, one axon

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25
this type of neuron appears to have only one axon
pseudo-unipolar neuron
26
these are cells with processes that can surround multiple neurons
oligodendrocytes
27
these are small, mobile cells that help fight bacteria and infection
microglia
28
these are epithelial-like cells
ependymal cells
29
these are highly branched supporting cells in the CNS
astrocytes
30
what do you call axons with surrounding myelin sheaths
myelinated axons
31
these are specialized layers that surround axons
myelin sheaths
32
what are nodes in ranvier
gaps in myelin sheaths that permit myelin ion movement
33
these are axons that lack myelin sheaths
unmyelinated axons
34
junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ
synapse
35
3 major components of synapse
presynaptic terminal (end of axon), postsynaptic membrane (of another neuron/effector organ), synaptic cleft (space between the two)
36
name some neurotransmitters
acetylcholine dopamine endorphins serotonin GABA glycine
37
how many pairs of nerves are there in the PNS
12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves
38
the spinal cord extends from the ____________ at the base of the skull to the ______________
foramen magnum; second lumbar vertebra
39
these are involuntary reactions in response to a stimulis
reflexes
40
this is the basic functional unit of the NS cuz it's the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response
reflex arc
41
this is the simplest reflex
stretch reflex
42
example of stretch reflex
knee-jerk reflex/patellar reflex
43
divisions of the spinal nerves
cranial nerves thoracic nerves lumbar nerves sacral nerves coccygeal nerves
44
major parts of the brain
brainstem cerebellum cerebrum diencephalon
45
this part connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain
brainstem
46
this part of the brain is responsible for involuntary movements (breathing, heart rate, BP)
brainstem
47
3 parts of the brainstem
medulla oblongata pons midbrain
48
the most inferior part of the brainstem
medulla oblongata
49
functions of the medulla oblongata
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, blood vessel diameter, heart rate, balance, and coordination
50
where is the pons located
superior to the medulla oblongata
51
this contains ascending and descending nerve tracts and several nuclei
pons
52
what are the functions of the pons
breathing swallowing, balance, chewing, and salivation
53
where is the midbrain located
superior to the pons
54
this is the smallest region of the brainstem
midbrain
55
the midbrain contains the ____________ involved in regulating general body movements
substantia nigra
56
functions of the midbrain
eye movements, pupil diameter, and lens shape
57
what connects/attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem
cerebellar peduncles
58
part of the brain between the cerebrum and brainstem
diencephalon
59
main components of the diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
60
this is the largest part of the diencephalon
thalamus
61
what are the functions of the thalamus
influences mood and registers unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
62
where is the epithalamus located relative to the thalamus
posterior and superior to the thalamus
63
this is the small area posterior to the thalamus where the pineal gland resides
epithalamusw
64
what are the functions of the epithalamus
emotional and visceral response to odors
65
most inferior part of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
66
what are the main functions of the hypothalamus
maintaining homeostasis, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual pleasure, rage, fear, relaxation after a meal
67
what is the largest part of the brain
cerebrum
68
the cerebrum is divided into the left and right ______________
hemispheres
69
lobes of the cerebrum
frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe
70
functions of the frontal lobe
voluntary motor functions aggression motivation mood olfactory reception
71
functions of the occipital lobe
reception and perception of visual input
72
parietal lobe
reception and perception of sensory information
73
temporal lobe
olfactory and auditory sensations memory thought and judgment
74
this involves three connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
meninges
75
the 3 meninges are:
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
76
most superficial and thickest of the meninges
dura mater
77
this is the spider-like (cobweb-like) meningeal membrane
arachnoid mater
78
innermost meningeal membrane that is tightly bound to the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
79
what is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
subdural space
80
what is the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
subarachnoid space
81
the subarachnoid space contains ______________________ and ________________________
cerebrospinal fluid; blood vessels
82
what is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid
provides cushion around the CNS
83
what produces the cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexuses
84
a condition where CSF accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
hydrocephalus
85
cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves at the ______ of the brain
back
86
2 general categories of cranial nerve function
sensory motor
87
divisions of sensory functions
special senses general senses
88
subdivisions of motor functions
somatic motor parasympathetic
89
these cranial nerves innervate the skeletal muscles in the head and neck
somatic motor cranial nerves
90
these cranial nerves innervate glands, smooth muscle throughout the body, and cardiac muscle
parasympathetic cranial nerves
91
subdivisions of the PNS
sensory division motor division (somatic NS, autonomic NS)
92
subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic NS parasympathetic NS
93
where is the substantia nigra located in the brain
midbrain

ANAPHY LECTURE (6 decks)

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