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Radiographic Pathology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The dura mater is made up of what 2 layers?

A

Periosteal and meningeal layers

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2
Q

There is a space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater. What is this space called?

A

Subdural space

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3
Q

There is a space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. What is this space called?

A

Subarachnoid space

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4
Q

What are the main 3 meninges , ordered from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
(DAP!)

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5
Q

On an axial CT image, a region is described as hyperdense. This means that region is _____ dense than the surrounding tissues.

A

more

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6
Q

On an axial CT image, a region is described as hypodense. This means that region is _____ dense than the surrounding tissues.

A

less

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7
Q

On an axial CT image, a region is described as isodense. This means that region is _____ density as the surrounding tissues.

A

the same

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8
Q

This pathology is the acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid.

A

Meningitis

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9
Q

Meningitis may occur due to ________ of the middle ear, frontal sinus, respiratory system, bloodstream, or other sites

A

infection

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10
Q

What are the two types of meningitis?

A

bacterial(pyogenic) and viral

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11
Q

Which type of meningitis is more common?

A

bacterial (pyogenic)

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12
Q

What procedure is needed to determine the cause of meningitis?

A

Spinal tap

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13
Q

Why might meningitis lead to gangrene?

A

Damage to blood vessels.

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14
Q

What might be the consequence of gangrene due to blood vessel damage caused by meningitis?

A

Limb amputations.

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15
Q

Vasculitis, thrombosis, infraction, hydrocephalus, subdural effusion, empyema, and brain abscess are all complications of what pathology?

A

Meningitis

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16
Q

What modalities are used to image meningitis?

A

CT and MRI

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17
Q

If you were observing an axial CT image of the head, and noticed a lateral shift of the midline structures of the brain, what pathology might you suspect?

A

Meningitis

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18
Q

As brain swelling advances due to meningitis, the lateral and third ventricles may appear _______ on a CT image

A

collapsed.

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19
Q

What is the most common primary malignant brain tumor?

A

Glioma

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20
Q

What cells make up the supporting connective tissues in the central nervous system?

A

Glial cells

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21
Q

Glioma spreads by _______ extension

A

direct

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22
Q

By what route can glioma cross from once cerebral hemisphere to the other?

A

Via corpus callosum or white matter

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23
Q

What is the preferred modality for imaging glioma?

A

MRI

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24
Q

How might glioma appear on a non-enhanced CT scan?

A

as a single heterogeneous mass.

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25
Q

How might glioma appear on a contrast-enhanced CT scan?

A

As a homogeneous lesion with an irregular ring of enhancement.

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26
Q

This is a benign tumor that arises from the arachnoid lining cells, and is attached to the dura mater.

A

Meningioma

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27
Q

Which brain tumor is benign: glioma or meningioma?

A

Meningioma

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28
Q

What modalities are used to image meningioma?

A

MRI and CT

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29
Q

How would meningioma appear on a CT of the head?

A

As a rounded, sharply delineated mass originating from the dural surface.

30
Q

Meningioma can appear only hyperdense on a CT of the head.

A

False, they can appear hyperdense or isodense.

31
Q

Meningioma appear the same on a spinal CT as they do on a head CT.

A

False. It will appear as a filling defect.

32
Q

Meningioma may contain calcifications

A

True

33
Q

Brain metastases usually originate from what 2 cancers?

A

Lung and breast cancer

34
Q

Brain metastases usually occurs due to spread of cancer along what route?

A

Blood, hematogeneous spread.

35
Q

Although brain metastases usually occurs due to hematogeneous spread, it may also arise from ______ invasion

A

direct.

36
Q

What modalities are used to image brain metastases?

A

MRI and CT.

37
Q

Brain metastases appear on a non-enhanced CT as isodense.

A

False, they can be hyper, hypo, or isodense.

38
Q

Brain metastases will appear as enhanced on a CT scan with contrast.

A

Correct

39
Q

Concussions cannot cause any lasting effects on brain tissue

A

False

40
Q

Concussions usually show up as _____ on CT.

A

normal

41
Q

What imaging modality may show evidence of concussion?

A

MRI

42
Q

Concussion is an injury on a ______ level

A

microscopic cellular

43
Q

What regions of the brain are more predisposed to suffer brain contusion

A

frontal and anterior temporal regions

44
Q

Why can brain contusions remain contrast enhanced for weeks?

A

Breakdown of blood-brain-barrier

45
Q

How would a brain contusion appear on a CT?

A

low density areas of edema and tissue necrosis, showing small areas of hemorrhage.

46
Q

This injury occurs because the brain moves in the cranium and collides with the inside of the skull, opposite to the area of initial injury.

A

Contrecoup brain injury

47
Q

How would alzheimers demonstrate on a CT or MRI?

A

Cerebral atrophy with enlarged ventricles and prominent cortical sulci

48
Q

This pathology is the dilation of the ventricular system, and is associated with increased intracranial pressure.

A

Hydrocephalus

49
Q

Hydrocephalus is usually caused by an obstruction. This leads to cranium _________ in infants due to the lack of skull bone fusion.

A

enlargement.

50
Q

If a shunt isn’t used to repair hydrocephalus, what might occur?

A

Brain damage due to compression.

51
Q

Why is it important to perform a non-contrast CT of the head first?

A

Contrast can mask bleeding, preventing diagnosis.

52
Q

What type of brain bleed occurs between the skull and outermost membrane layer?

A

Epidural bleed

53
Q

What type of brain bleed occurs between the dura mater and arachnoid layer?

A

Subdural bleed

54
Q

What type of brain bleed occurs between the arachnoid layer and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid bleed

55
Q

A recent bleed will demonstrate as _____dense on a CT

A

hyperdense

56
Q

Blood becomes isodense at approximately _______

A

1 week

57
Q

Blood becomes hypodense at approximately _______

A

2 weeks

58
Q

What might appear on a CT scan of the head in a patient with severe meningitis?

A

brain swelling

59
Q

Parkinson’s disease appears indistinguishable from the normal aging process on a CT exam

A

true

60
Q

brain contusions are usually _____ while concussions are _____

A

localized, widespread

61
Q

Focal deficits due to TIA last for how long before resolving?

A

less than 24 hours

62
Q

What is used to treat hydrocephalus?

A

ventriculo-peritoneal shunt

63
Q

Hydrocephalus is strongly associated with what surgery?

A

spina bifida

64
Q

Epidural hematoma are associated with ____ neurological symptoms

A

acute

65
Q

a subdural hematoma is a _____ bleed

A

slower

66
Q

What type of stroke is more common?

A

Ischemic

67
Q

Blood in the brain that has broken down over 2-4 weeks will appear_______ on an unenhanced CT

A

isodense

68
Q

This pathology may present itself with the patient shaking, but no difference in brain CT from the average person their age.

A

Parkinson’s disease

69
Q

This injury might result in physical, cognitive and behavioral symptoms/problems but their CT imaging is usually normal.

A

Concussion

70
Q

What type of cranial bleed is slower, and has gradual neurological effects?

A

Subdural hematoma

71
Q

This type of bleed has acute neurological symptoms

A

epidural hematoma

72
Q

This might be secondary to intracerebral hemorrhage

A

Intraventricular hemorrhage

Radiographic Pathology (7 decks)

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