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Nervous System Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

spatial summation

A

postsynaptic neuron stimulated or inhibited simultaneously by large number of presynaptic axon terminals
resulting EPSP or IPSP add together

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2
Q

EPSP

A

depolarization

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3
Q

IPSP

A

hyperpolarization

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4
Q

temporal summation

A

postsynaptic neuron stimulated or inhibited in quick succession by on or more presynaptic neurons
resulitng EPSPs or IPSPs add together

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5
Q

at threshold

A

depolarization opens more voltage gated sodium channels

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6
Q

What are the two processes that break the loop of the positive feedback??

A

inactivation of sodium channels, voltage sensitive gate

activation of K channels (out of cell), slow responders, become fully activated ager action potential reaches its peak

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7
Q

repolarization

A

K leaving and less Na coming in

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8
Q

hyperpolarization

A

K continues to leave after resting potential has been reached

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9
Q

absolute refractory period

A

a neuron cannot generate another action potential while it is doing one

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10
Q

relative refractory period

A

stronger stimuli have to arrive at the axon hillock

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11
Q

conduction velocity

A

how fast the nerve impulse travels down the axon

the larger the diameter, the faster the AP

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12
Q

saltatory conduction

A

myelinated axon AP

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13
Q

action potential

A

all or none

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14
Q

charge inside cell

A

-70mV

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15
Q

what make the sodium channel inactive?

A

a time sensitive arm

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16
Q

for every 3 Na out

A

2 K in

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17
Q

transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage

A

sodium potassium pump

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18
Q

mobilizes body systems during activity

A

sympathetic division

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19
Q

conserves energy

promotes house keeping functions while at rest

A

parasympathetic division

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20
Q

sensory

A

afferent

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21
Q

motor

A

efferent, impulses from CNS
sympathetic, parasympathetic
somatic, autonomic

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22
Q

somatic

A

voluntary

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23
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary

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24
Q

From most anterior to most posterior, what is the order of the secondary embryonic brain vesicles?

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelocephalon
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25
The telencephalon becomes...
the two cerebral hemispheres, cerebrum
26
The diencephalon becomes...
the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, and retina of eye
27
Mesencephalon becomes...
midbrain
28
Metencephalon becomes...
pons and cerebellum
29
Myelocephalon becomes...
medulla oblongata
30
brain stem
midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
31
Important areas of the frontal lobe
primary motor cortex premotor cortex - helps plan movements, basic movement to accomplish complex tasks Broca's area - speech production prefrontal - personality, cognition
32
parietal
somatosensory cortex (just posterior to primary motor) and somatosensory association cortex just posterior to the somatosensory cortex
33
temporal
auditory, olfactory
34
occipital
visual
35
insula
taste and visceral stimuli
36
Multimodal association area
general interpretive areas throughout temporal, occipital, parietal, frontal lobes • Flow of info: sensory receptors primary sensory cortex  sensory association area multimodal association areas  premotor cortex
37
Basal nuclei
gray matter deep within white matter Input from cerebral cortex • Project into premotor & prefrontal cortex • Influence muscle movements (starting/stopping) • Role in cognition & emotion
38
thalamus
mailroom | ALL sensory input comes to thalamus first - Sorts impulses and sends similar ones out in “bulk”
39
hypothalamus
controls ANS Response to emotions –Regulate body temperature –Regulate food intake/water balance –Regulate biological clock –Endocrine control
40
epithalamus
Pineal gland, secretes the hormone melatonin which regulates wake/sleep cycles
41
Cerebellum
Muscle coordination
42
ventral roots
fused axons of neurons whose cell bodies in ventral & lateral horns – Only transmits efferent (motor) impulses
43
dorsal roots
axons of sensory (afferent) neurons | – Only transmits afferent (sensory) impulses
44
ascending tracts
afferent, sensory
45
descneding tracts
efferent, motor
46
ascending tracts
spinocerebellar spinothalamic dorsal column-medial lemniscal
47
Spinothalamic
coarse touch, pressure, pain, & temperature (spinal cord to thalamus)
48
Spinocerebellar
muscle/tendon stretch | (spinal cord to cerebellum
49
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal
fine touch | (spinal cord/medulla to thalamus
50
Descending tracts can be
indirect or direct pathways
51
direct pathways (desceding tracts)
do not synapse before reaching spinal cord pyramidal, corticospinal, fine movements, cerebrum to spinal cord
52
tectospinal
eyeball and neck movements, midbrain to spinal cord
53
rubriospinal
controls flexor muscles, red nucleus to spinal cord
54
vestibulospinal
posture muscles, medulla to spinal cord
55
reticulospinal
pons/medulla to spinal cord
56
What is so bad about polio?
Destroys ventral horn neurons | Remember, the ventral horn neurons are motor neurons
57
proprioceptors
are sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and muscle tension, which is integrated to give information about the position of the limb in space.
58
Midbrain
hearing, eyeball movement, vision, body movement
59
Medulla
maintaining vital body function, autonomic function, breathing and heart rate, other reflexes like sneezing an domiting
60
Pons
motor control and sensory analylsis
61
What is the largest of the midbrain nuclei?
corpora quadrigemina
62
Which part of the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain controls visual reflexes?
superior colliculi
63
Which part of the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain controls auditory reflexes?
inferior colliculi
64
Where is the substantia nigra?
just ventral to the red nuclei, which are all located in the midbrain The substantial nigra produces dopamine. The red nucleus is a relay for limb flexion.
65
Only two structures of the pons mentioned...what are they?
projection fibers into both the higher brain and spinal cord | ventral fibers into cerebellum, connecting it to it
66
from superficial to deep, what are the layers of the meninges?
dura, arachnoid, pia
67
What do the dorsal, posterior horns of the spinal cord contain?
interneurons
68
What do the anterior horns, the ventral horns, contain?
motor neurons
69
sympathetic NS
fight or flight
70
parasympathetic
rest and digest
71
What do microglia do?
little housekeeper, clean up dead neurons and microorganisms
72
What is the functional equivalent of an astrocyte in the PNS?
satellite cells
73
CNS doesn't have nerves, it has...
tracts
74
Gray matter of the PNS?
ganglia
75
depolarization
to make RMP more positive, to bring closer to threshold potential

Anatomy (13 decks)

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