Nervous System Flashcards by Kamryn Ordes

An action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought

Reflex

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Neutral pathway involved in a reflex action

Reflex arc

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Nerve endings that respond to a stimulus from an internal or external environment

Receptor

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Carries the message from the sensor to the CNS

Sensory neuron

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A relay nerve in CNS (some reflects bypass the interneurons others go via 3 or 4 interneurons)

Interneuron

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Brain and spinal cord

Central nervous system

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Carries the message from the CNS to the muscle

Motor neuron

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Contraction

Muscle fiber

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What do reflexes do?

Maintain homeostasis
Carry out automatic actions
Maintain balance and posture

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What are examples of maintaining homeostasis

Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion

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Mechanical stimuli such as touch

Mechanoreceptors

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Chemicals stimuli such as smell and taste

Chemoreceptors

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Temperature change

Thermorecepters

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Light, vision

Photoreceptors

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Pain

Nociceptors

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Sense of self. Body’s position without sight

Proprioceptors

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What are the 6 receptor types

Mechanorecepters 
Chemoreceptors 
Thermorecepters 
Photoreceptors 
Nociceptors 
Propioceptors

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A junction between neurons

Synapse

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Chemical message passed from one neuron to another

Neurotransmitter

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How many neurotransmitters are there

50 different types

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Some will cause an action potential in the next cell

Excitatory

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Some will suppress an action potential in the next cell

Inhibitory

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Stimulates muscle contraction

Acetylcholine

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Fight or flight response

Epinephrine/norepinephrine

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Enhances mood and sleep

Serotonin

Increased attention and learning ability

Dopamine

Decrease perception of pain

Endorphins

Anxiety control

GABA

Which neurotransmitters are excitatory

Acetylcholine Epinephrine/norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine

Which neurotransmitters are inhibitory

Dopamine Endorphins GABA

The temporary inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that airborne compound

Olfactory fatigue

Your sense of smell

Olfactory

Fatigue to constant stimulation is a general feature of sensory systems

Stimulus adaptation

Takes sensory signal to the CNS (brain/spinal cord)

Sensory neuron

Takes signal from CNS to muscle or gland

Motor neuron

1 process extending from Soma

Unipolar

2 process extending from Soma

Bipolar

Several processes extending from Soma

Multipolar

Direction from the receptor to CNS

Afferent

Direction from CNS to effector

Efferent

The endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells

Axon terminals

A cell that wraps around the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system

Schwann cell

The insulating covering of an axon

Myelin sheath

The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells

Axon

A short extension of a nerve cell

Soma

Primary motor cortex

Initiation of voluntary movement

Premotor cortex

Refinement of voluntary movement

Broca's area

Facial neurons, speech

Wernickles area

Language comprehension

Prefrontal areas

Problem solving, emotion, complex thought

Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

Involuntary activities

Cerebellum

Balance, coordination

Motor areas

Voluntary movement

Sensory areas

Conscious awareness of sensation

Association areas

Gives meaning to the info the brain receives

Multimodal association

Uses multiple association areas to interpret information

Each hemisphere is

Concerned with the opposite side of the body

Somatic association

Processing of multisensory info

How many pair of nerves branch off the spinal cord

How many cervical

How many thoracic

How many lumbar

How many sacral

How many coccygeal

Gathered information from a stimulus

Sensory input

Responds by activating muscle and glands

Motor output

Receives, processes and sends info to and from the peripheral nervous system

Brain and spinal cord (CNS)

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic skeletal nervous system

Muscle movements/reflexes

Autonomic nervous system

Controls involuntary functions

Sympathetic

Fight or flight

Parasympathetic

Rest and digest

Sympathetic division signs of arousal

``` Pupils dilate Salvation decreases Skin perspires Respiration increases Heart accelerates Digestion inhibits Adrenal glands secrete stress hormones ```

Parasympathetic Division signs of calming

``` Salvation increases Skin dries out Respiration decreases Heart slows Digestion activates Adrenal Glands decrease secretion of stress hormones ```