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A&P 1116 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

fn of nervous system (6)

A

sensory, integration, motor, speech, memory and consciousness

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2
Q

what is the sensory receptor of nervous system

A

afferent nerve in peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

what is the integrating control centre of nervous system

A

CNS= spinal cord and brain

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4
Q

what are neurons

A

electrically excitable cells that send and receive signals via axn potential. cannot reproduce

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5
Q

what are neuroglia

A

not excitable. cells that support and protect neurons. can reproduce.

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6
Q

PNS is made up of

A

neurons that connect to/from CNS (aka nerves)

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7
Q

what do schwann cells do

A

wrap a layer of myelin around axons

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8
Q

what do satellite cells do

A

separate nervous cells from supporting tissue

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9
Q

name supporting cells of CNS (4)

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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10
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

form the blood brain barrier. regulate what passes in ICF

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11
Q

fn of microglia

A

phagocytes immune defence of CNS

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12
Q

fn of ependymal cells

A

makes CSF

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13
Q

fn of oligodendrocytes

A

myelination

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14
Q

extra properties of nerve tissue

A

lots of ion channels in PM. cell shape allows for single nerve cell to cover a large SA (dendrites)

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15
Q

structure of cell body of neuron

A

nucleus with prominent nucleolus, many ribosomes, rough ER and golgi body. no centrioles

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16
Q

why does cell body need lots of mitochrondria

A

neurotransmitter synthesis, to power ion pumps (Na/K and Ca2+)

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17
Q

fn of dendrites

A

receive input from its sensory receptors to start graded axn potentioal

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18
Q

fn of axon

A

single long cell process that generates and delivers axn potential its entire length

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19
Q

fn of axon hillock

A

connects to initial segment of cell body

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20
Q

name some organelles found in axon

A

all except for golgi and RER

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21
Q

RMP is more -ive to outisde of cell because

A

K+ leakage channels more abundant than Na+ channels. inability for anions to move out. Na/K ATPase: pumos 3 Na+ out for 2K+ in

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22
Q

name the gated channels on dendrites

A

mechanically (open upon PM distortion), voltage (respond to changes in transmembrane potential. must reach certain mV to open/close). ligand gate binding of chemicals on receptor (ACh)

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23
Q

resting potential inside vs outside cell

A

around -70mV.

inside lots of: protein (-ive charge), PO4-, K+. outside lots of: Na+ and Cl-

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24
Q

what is graded potentials

A

any stimulus that opens a gated channel produces a local current into cell following its [gradient]. depolarizes nearby PM making it less -ive

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25
when do flood gates open
when localized depolarization reaches threshold -55mV
26
what happens at depolarization phase
at threshold, voltage gated Na+ channels open. Na+ enters down its electrochemical gradient. membrane potential reverse -> +30mV
27
what happens at repolarization phase
at +30 mV Na+ channels close, K+ channels open diffuse down [gradient]. membrane potential returns to resting level (-ive charge)
28
what happens at hyperpolarization phase
occurs in SOME neurons. at -70 mV, K+ channels start to close but not all at once. result= increasing -ive beyond RMP
29
how to return to resting potential after hyperpolization?
losts of Na inside and K outside. to restore ions need active transport go against [gradient]. Na/K ATPase pump= membrane protein which uses ATP to pump Na back out and K back in
30
continous vs saltotory propagation
cont= unmyelinated axons. salt= myelinated axons with bare nodes
31
define propagation
move axn potential to entire length of neuron
32
anatomy of myelin
white phospholipid material that forms multiple layers around axons
33
fn of myelin
electrically insulates axons. increase the speed of nerve impulses conduction
34
how does continuous conduction/propagation occur
local depolarization activates voltage gated channels in adjacent segment causing it to depolarize. depolarization activates adjacent segment etc
35
fn of saltatory conduction
axn potential leap along axon from node to node (each node depolarizes and repolarizes)
36
how does saltatory conduction occur
local depol of node 1 activates voltage gated channel of node2. node 2 opens more channels causing depol of node 2 which affects node 3 etc
37
end result of axn potential
starts synaptic transmission
38
end result of synaptic transmission
trigger cell fns. neuromuscular junction is btwn nerve and muscle tissue -> start of muscular junction. propagation of axn potential on another nerve. halts propagation and suppresses future axn potential
39
where is white matter found
inner brain and outer spinal cord
40
where is grey matter found
outer brain and inner spinal cord
41
grey matter contains
mainly cell bodies and axon terminals or unmyelinated nerves
42
white matter contains
myelinated axons
43
what are fascicles
connective tissue made up of axons bundles
44
what are nerves
hundreds of fascicles which contain millions of axons
45
how does fascicles permit vascularization of nerve
by delivering the blood vessels
46
CNS is composed of
bundles of nuclei (cell bodies) and tracts (axons)
47
PNS is composed of
bundles of ganglia (cell bodies) and nerves (axons)
48
fn of interneuron
- join 2 neurones going in same direction | - long or short, follows same rules of axn potential & synaptic transmission
49
eg of when interneuron is involved
every time a nerve has a CNS:PNS interface
50
what is reflex arc
shortcut btwn afferent and efferent by using an interneuron in the spinal cord
51
effect of reflex arc
can move before you even think to move
52
what is the synapse
interface btwn neuron and its target
53
what is synaptic transmission
process in which neurons communicate with its target (eg other neurons, glands, muscle)
54
synapses consist of (3)
presynaptic, post synaptic neuron and synaptic cleft
55
what is the neuromuscular junction
neurotransmission btwn nerve and muscle
56
synapse is also called
neuromuscular junction
57
chemical synapses do what
signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitter
58
electrical synapses do what
direct physical contact btwn cells with gap junction. allow cont ion flow to pass btwn cells= AP propagation. eg heart
59
4 possible fat of NTs
-reaches post synaptic target -diffusion away from cleft enzymatic degradation of NT -reuptake (active transport) back to presynpatic nerve or into neighbour neuroglia
60
synaptic transmission sequence
1. axn p arrivees and depolarizes knob 2. voltage gated Ca+ open causing influx 3. Ca2+ influx stimulates exocytosis of vesicles containing NTs 4. NTs diffuse across cleft bind to synaptic receptor
61
cerebrum fn
responsible for higer fns eg memory, speech, comprehension
62
cerebrum consist of
cerebral cortex, internal region of white matter, deep nuclei
63
location of cerebellum
directly attached to brain stem
64
fn of cerebellum
coordinates and correct movements initatied by cerebral motor areas
65
brain stem is compised of
mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata
66
midbrain contains
nuclei involved in vision and those necessary for controlled movement
67
pons contains
nuclei involved in control of respiration
68
medulla oblongata contains
nuclei that regulate vital reflexes (HR) and non vital (vomit)
69
the medulla oblongata is cont. with
spinal cord
70
fn of diencephalon
contains relay centre where the incoming tracts get directed to their respective sensory destinations
71
location of thalamus
above mid brain
72
thalamus contains
nuclei that serve as relay station for all sensory impulses (except smell) travelling to cerebral cortex
73
location of hypothalamus and pineal gland
lies below thalamus and above pituitary gland
74
longitudinal fissures separate
brain into right and left hemisphere
75
central sulcus separates
frontal and parietal lobes

A&P 1116 (11 decks)

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