Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What is included in the central nervous system? (2)
A
Brain and spinal chord
2
Q
What nerves are included in the peripheral nervous system? (2)
A
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
3
Q
An axon conducts electrical impulses in what direction compared the the cell body?
A
Away
4
Q
A dendrite conducts electrical impulses in what direction compared to the cell body?
A
Towards
5
Q
An axon with a myelin sheath
A
Schwann cell
6
Q
A gap between Schwann cells is called a ____ __ _______
A
Node of Ranvier
7
Q
Where an axon ends is called a ____ ________
A
Axon terminal
8
Q
What is a motor neuron?
A
Produces movement, efferent, central to peripheral
9
Q
A motor neuron is _______ to __________
A
Central to peripheral
10
Q
What is a sensory neuron?
A
Produces sensation, afferent, peripheral to central
11
Q
A sensory neuron moves __________ to _______
A
Peripheral to central
12
Q
What neuron produces sensation?
A
Sensory
13
Q
What neuron is afferent?
A
Sensory
14
Q
What neuron produces movement?
A
Motor
15
Q
What neuron is efferent?
A
Motor
16
Q
What neuron goes from central to peripheral?
A
Motor
17
Q
What neuron goes from peripheral to central
A
Sensory
18
Q
List 3 neurotransmitters
A
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
19
Q
What are the ascending tracts in the spinal chord?
A
- peripheral to central
- sensory
20
Q
What are the descending tracts in the spinal chord?
A
- central to peripheral
- motor
21
Q
List 3 things that NA+ solubility, thus inhibiting action potential
A
- Alcohol
- Anesthetics
- Sedatives
22
Q
Define reflex
A
Rapid, predictive involuntary response to stimuli
23
Q
A repid, involuntary response to stimuli is a ______
A
Reflex
24
Q
Give two examples of an autonomic reflex
A
- Salivary reflex
- Papillary
- Sneezing
- Coughing
- Swallowing
25
What are gyri?
Ridges
26
What are sulci?
Grooves
27
What are fissures?
Deep grooves
28
What part of the brain controls timing, coordination, equilibrium, and balance?
The cerebellum
29
The cerebellum controls
- timing
- coordination
- equilibrium
- balance
30
What part of the brain contains the midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata
The brain stem
31
The brain stem contains (3)
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
32
What part of the Brian contains the somatic sensory area, the primary motor area, and the Broca's area?
The cerebrum
33
The cerebru, contains (3)
1. Somatic sensory area
2. Primary motor area
3. Broca's area
34
What part of the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
35
The diencephalon contains (2)
1. Thalamus
| 2. Hypothalamus
36
Describe the Broca's area?
Speech
37
What are the meninges? (4)
1. Layers for protection
2. Dura mater
3. Arachnoid mater
4. Pía mater
38
List the functions of the nervous system
1. Sensory
2. Integration
3. Motor
39
Is the somatic system voluntary of involuntary?
Voluntary
40
Is the autonomic system voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
41
When is the parasympathetic system active?
Ordinary situations
42
When is the sympathetic system active?
During emergency situations
43
What are cranial nerves
Nerves in the brain
44
What are spinal nerves?
Nerves on the spinal chord
45
Is gray matter myelinated or unmyelinated?
Unmyelinated
46
Is white matter myelinated or unmyelinated?
Myelinated
47
Describe interneurons? (2)
1. In brain or spinal chord
| 2. Direct signals to the correct place
48
What is the difference between a myelinated axon and an unmyelinated axon? (2)
1. Myelinated sheeth
| 2. Myelinated is faster
49
What is the epidural space?
The space between the vertebrae and the dura mater
50
The space between the vertebrae and the dura mater
Epidural space
51
Cranial nerves come from the _____
Brain
52
Spinal chords come from the ___________
Spinal chord
53
What do sensory receptors do?
Convert environmental information into nerve impulses
54
Integration impulses
Nerve pulses are integrated: Brought together to create sensations, add to memory, or produce thoughts
55
Effectors are ______ or ______
Muscles or glands
56
What are some examples of the autonomic nervous system (organs)
- heart
- smooth muscles
- glands
57
What are some examples of the somatic nervous system
- skeletal muscle
58
Somatic nervous system (def)
Motor functions are controlled consciously
59
Autonomic nervous system (def)
Motor functions are controlled involuntarily
60
The reflex arc consists of the ... (2)
1. Autonomic
| 2. Somatic
61
Peripheral nerves connect to ___ to the ______________
CNS to the other body parts
62
Motor functions that are controlled consciously are in the _______ nervous system
Somatic
63
Motor functions that are controlled involuntarily are part of the _________ nervous system
Autonomic
64
Skeletal muscle is part of the ...?
Somatic
65
Pulling your hand away from a hot object is the ________ ______
Withdrawal reflex
| - Somatic
66
A knee-jerk is the ________ ______ and is _______
- patellar reflex
| - somatic
67
Nerve cells that are specialized for transmitting nerve impulses
Neurons
68
Neurons transmit information in the form of electrochemical changes called _____ ________
Nerve impulses
69
_______ transmit information in nerve impulses
Neurons
70
Electrochemical changes
Nerve impulses
71
Neurons have a cell body...T or F?
True
72
The Node of Raniver is ________ Schwann cells
Between
73
Axons in the PNS can or cant regenerate when damaged?
Can
74
Axons in the CNS can or cant regenerate when damaged?
Cant
75
Bundles of axons are called ______
Nerves
76
Provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons
Neurological cells
77
Neurological cells provide _______ , ________ and _________ for _________
1. Physical support
2. Insulation
3. Nutrients
For neurons
78
Afferent neurons
Sensory
79
Sensory neurons carry impulses from _______ to ________
Peripheral int brain or spinal chord (CNS)
80
Interneurons are in the ___________ or ___
Brains or spinal chord / CNS
81
Direct incoming sensory impulses to appropriate parts for processing and interpreting
Interneurons
82
Carry impulses out of the brain or spinal chord to effectors
Motor neurons
83
Axons branch out and end in ...?
Many axonal terminals
84
Where are the neurotransmitters released?
Synapse
85
The junction between two neurons is a ...
Synapse
86
When neurotransmitters are _________, they will get the nerve closer to triggering a nerve impulse
Excitatory
87
When neurotransmitters are _______, they will keep the nerve from triggering the nerve impulse
Inhibitory
88
________ stimulates the nervous system activity by lowering the thresholds at synapses so that neurons are more easily excited
Caffeine
89
How does caffeine stimulate the nervous system?
- lowers the thresholds at synapses so neurons are more easily excited
90
What do anti-depressants do?
Keep the neurotransmitter serotonin in the synapses longer
91
Depolarization
Na+ rushing into the cell
92
Repolarization
Na+ rushing out of the cell
93
The depolarization and repolarization that takes 1/1000 of a second
Action potential
94
A neuron cannot cannot conduct another impulse __________ has taken place
Repolarization
95
What happens when things inhibit Na+ permeability
1. no action potential
| 2. Sensations of pain and touch are prevented from reaching the brain
96
A wave of action potentials moving down the axon
Nerve impulse
97
An unmyelinated axon conducts an impulse over ...?
Its entire surface (slower)
98
A myelinated axon conducts an impulse by ...?
Jumping from node to node (faster)
99
The speed of conduction is _________ to the diameter of the axon - the greater the distance the ______ the impulse is
- proportional
| - faster
100
120 meters per sec is the speed of a
Thick myelinated axon
101
.5 meters per second is the speed of a ...?
Thin unmyelinated axon
102
Time following a nerve impulse where another impulse will not be triggered
Refractory period
103
The Brain is composed of about _______ neurons
100 billion
104
When does the brain begin to develop?
4 months after conception
105
Which part of the Brian is the largest?
Cerebral hemispheres
106
Corpus callosum connects the ...?
Cerebral hemispheres
107
The four lobes are
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital
108
Somatic sensory areas are ______
Crossed
109
Controls voluntary movements of the eyes and eyelids
Frontal eye field
110
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
Midbrain
111
Control of breathing
Pons
112
Controls the heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and consciousness
Medulla oblongata
113
Carry sensory information to the brain
Ascending tracts
114
Carry motor impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands
Descending tracts
115
What 3 things protect the brain?
1. Bone
2. Meninges
3. Cerebrospinal fluid
116
What are the three layers of connective membranes
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pía mater
117
Dura mater is the ______ layer
Outer
118
Arachnoid mater is the ______ layer
Middle
119
Pia mater is the _____ mater
Inner
120
If there is damage to the ________ it results in tremors, clumsiness, disorganized movements, and lack of balance
Cerebellum
121
Cerebral spinal fluid is ______ _______ for the brain
Watery cushion
122
Used to measure the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid; a needle is inserted between L3, L4, and L5
Spinal tap
