Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
4 functions of the bones
A
- Support: shape and form
- Protection
- Movement: Muscles attached to bones by tendons
- Storage: Fat and minerals
- Blood cell formation
2
Q
Muscles attach to bones by _______
A
Tendons
3
Q
What chemical must be in blood for nerve signal transmissions, muscle contraction, and blood clotting?
A
Ca2+
4
Q
ca2+ must be in the blood for _____________, _______________, and _____________.
A
- nerve signal transmission
- muscle contraction
- blood to clot
5
Q
Where does blood cell formation occur?
A
In the marrow
6
Q
Minerals are controlled by ________.
A
Hormones
7
Q
What does yellow bone marrow do?
A
Store fat
8
Q
What do red blood cells do?
A
Carry oxygen
9
Q
What do white blood cells do?
A
Fight disease and infection
10
Q
What do blood platelets do?
A
Stops bleeding and clots blood
11
Q
How many bones does an adult have?
A
206
12
Q
Compact bone (def)
A
Dense
13
Q
Sponge bone (def)
A
- Looks like a sponge: open spaces - light
14
Q
Long bone:
- def
- type of bone
- where in body
A
- longer than wide
- compact
- limbs
15
Q
Short bone:
- type of bone
- where in body
A
- spongey
- wrist and ankle
16
Q
Flat bone:
- type of bone
- where in body
A
- compact, spongey, compact
- skull, ribs, sternum
17
Q
Irregular bone:
- where in body
A
- vertebrae, hip, facial bones
18
Q
Sesamoid:
- embedded with _______
- where in body
A
- tendons
- patella
19
Q
What type of bone is embedded with tendons?
A
- Sesamoid
20
Q
Diaphysis:
- def
- type of bone
A
- middle
- long bone
21
Q
Epiphysis:
- def
- type of bone
A
- ends; coated with articular cartilage
- long bone
22
Q
Medullary cavity:
- def
- type of bone
A
- cavity inside the bone
- contains blood vessels and yellow bone marrow
23
Q
What does red bone marrow do?
A
Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets
24
Q
List the two types of bone marrow
A
- red
- yellow
25
What are the two types of bone markings?
- Processes (projections)
| - depressions
26
Cartilage to bone is the process of _______ and ________
- ossification
| - calcification
27
Many bones form from a ____________ ______.
- cartilage model
28
What are epiphyseal plates?
- growth plates; a band of cartilage
29
What is no longer possible after a epiphyseal plate ossifies
Lengthening
30
What happens if an epiphyseal plate is damaged before if ossifies?
- elongation of the bone may stop prematurely, or growth may be uneven
31
If the growth of epiphyseal plates is uneven, it can be altered....
- surgically to equalize the growth rate
32
Bone forming cells is called ___________.
Osteoblasts
33
Cells that break bones down are called __________.
Osteoclasts
34
If Ca decreases then...
Parathyroid glands increase PTH, osteoclasts break down bone
35
What is necessary for proper absorption of Calcium?
- Vitamin D
36
Vitamin D is necessary for what?
- the proper absorption of calcium
37
Physical activity puts stress on bones which ....?
- stimulates them to become thicker and stronger
38
Bone formation and growth is based on what (3)
1. Nutrition
2. Pull of gravity and muscles
3. Hormones
39
Growth hormones secretes by the pituitary gland stimulate ...?
- the epiphyseal plates
40
Sex hormones stimulate ...?
- the ossification of epiphyseal plates
41
Classification of joints (3)
- immovable
- slightly movable
- freely movable
42
Immovable joint (ex)
- cranium
43
In immovable joints what are bones separated by?
- fibrous connective tissue
44
Slightly movable joints are connected by...
- disks or ligaments
45
Examples of slightly movable joints are...(4)
1. Vertebral column
2. Symphasis pubis
3. Sacroiliac joint
4. Joint between the distal ends of the fibula and tibia
46
The end of freely movable joints are covered by _________ _________.
- articular cartilage
47
What is an example of a freely movable joint?
- Synovial membrane
48
What are bursae? Examples?
- Closed fluid filled sacs
| - knee, elbow, and shoulder
49
What are the 6 types of joints?
- ball and socket
- condyloid
- gliding
- hinge
- pivot
- saddle
50
Ball and socket joints:
- def
- range of motion
- example
- ball of one bone fits into the socket of another
- wide range of motion, movement in all planes, rotation
- shoulder and hip
51
Condyloid joints:
- def
- examples
- range of motion
- oval shaped condyle and elliptical cavity
- joints between metacarpals and phalanges
- variety of planes, no rotation
52
Gliding joints:
- type of bone
- range of motion
- examples
- flat bones
- sliding and twisting
- wrist, ankle, sternum/clavicle, clavicle/scapula
53
Hinge joints:
- def
- examples
- range of motion
- convex of one bone in concave of another
- elbow, phalanges, and knee
- movement in one plane, flexion, extension
54
Pivot joint:
- definition
- range of motion
- examples
- cylinder of one bone rotates in a ring of another bone
- rotation around one axis
- proximal ends of the radius and ulna
55
Saddle joint:
- definition
- examples
- both concave and convex surfaces
| - carpal and metacarpal of thumb
56
Flexion
Angle decreases
| - bending of leg at knee
57
Extension
Angle increases
| - straightening of leg at knee
58
Hyperextension
Excessive extension
| - head, wrist
59
Dorsiflexion
Toes up
60
Plantar flexion
Toes down
61
Abduction
Away from midline
62
Adduction
- toward midline
63
Rotation
Around an axis
64
Circumduction
- arm circles, leg circles
65
Pronation
Turn hand palm down, foot lands inside
66
Supination
- turn hand palm up, foots lands outside
67
Eversion
Turn sole of foot outward
68
Inversion
- turn sole of foot inward
69
Retraction
move it backward
| - move chin back
70
Protraction
Move it forward
| - chin forward
71
Elevation
Raise a part
| - shrug shoulders
72
Depression
Lower a part
| - droop shoulders
73
Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)
- malfunction between your articular disk - jaw
74
Osteoarthritis
Joint cartilage breaks down over time
75
Rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammation affects lining of joints and rest of body
76
Cleft palate
- split or opening in the roof of mouth
77
Shin splints
Pain caused by overuse of shin bone
| - partial or complete break in the bone
78
Torn ligaments (ACL and MCL)
A stretching or tearing of ligaments
- ACL = anterior tear
- MCL = medial tear
79
Rotator cuff disorder
Muscles and tissues around shoulder are damaged or irritated from overuse
80
Dislocated shoulder
- arm bone pops out of shoulder socket
81
Bone cancer
- malignant tumor that arises from bone cells
