Nervous System (CNS) Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Largest and most complex mass of nervous tissue in the body.
A
Brain
2
Q
What is the primitive name of brain
A
Encephalon
3
Q
4 major regions of the brain
A
Cerebral Hemisphere
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum
4
Q
Aka big brain. Largest part of the brain. Each of its hemisphere represents the contralateral side of the body.
A
Cerebrum
5
Q
Dominant side of the cerebral hemisphere.
A
Left Hemisphere
6
Q
Characteristics of the left hemisphere
A
Math analysis
Analytical
Logical Thinking
Language
7
Q
Non Dominant part of the cerebral hemisphere
A
Right hemisphere
8
Q
Characteristics of the right hemisphere
A
Memory and music
Insights
Creativity
Arts
9
Q
Membranous connective tissue that encloses the brain and spinal cord
A
Meninges
10
Q
3 kinds of meninges
A
- Dura Mater- Tough outer layer (closest to skull)
- Arachnoid Mater- web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain
- Pia Mater- Delicate inner layer (closest to brain tissue)
11
Q
External surface anatomy of cerebrum
A
Gyrus
Sulcus
12
Q
Rounded elevation/ridges. Convolutions and increases surface area of the brain
A
Gyrus
13
Q
Depression/ grooves. Deeper fissure
A
Sulcus
14
Q
Separates the right and left cerebral hemisphere.
A
Median Longitudinal Fissure
15
Q
Aka rolandic fissure. Separates the frontal and parietal lobe.
A
Central sulcus of rolando
16
Q
Separates temporal lobe from the other lobes of the cerebrum
A
Lateral Sylvian Fissure
17
Q
Internal Surface Anatomy of Cerebrum
A
Gray Matter
White Matter
18
Q
Aka cerebral medulla and is the deep layer of the cerebrum. It consist of myelinated axons & neuroglia that connects gray matter areas of the cerebrum
A
White Matter
19
Q
Give the white matter fiber tracts
A
- Commissural Fiber
- Associated Fiber
- Projection Fiber
20
Q
Connects corresponding regions of the 2 cerebral hemisphere.
A
Commisural Fiber
21
Q
What is the largest commissural fiber?
A
Corpus Callosum
22
Q
Connects various cortical regions within the same hemisphere. Example arcuate fasciculus
A
Associated Fiber
23
Q
Connects cerebral cortex with the lower portion of the brain and SC
A
Projection Fiber
24
Q
Give the lobes of cerebrum
A
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
25
Largest lobe and responsible for motor function, personality and behavior and also called as the seat of intelligence
Frontal Lobe
26
Responsible for pain, temperature, touch, and pressure.
Parietal Lobe
27
Smallest lobe and responsible vision
Occipital Lobe
28
Responsible for hearing, smelling, and memory
Temporal Lobe
29
Give the number of Brodmann's area in the Frontal Lobe
BA 4: Primary Motor
BA 6: Premotor Area
BA 8: Frontal Eye Field
BA 9, 10, 11, 12: Prefrontal Area
BA 44, 45: Broca's Area
30
Aka precentral gyrus. Responsible for the execution of motor function on the contralateral side of the body.
Lession; Flaccidity
Brodmann's Area 4: Primary motor Area
31
Aka "secondary motor area" ; "motor association area"
Responsible for
-motor planning
- initiation of movement
- coordination.
Brodmann's Area 6: Premotor Area
32
If there is a lesion in BA6 what will happen?
- Spasticity
- Incoordination
- Tremor
- Akinesia on the contralateral side
33
Responsible for conjugating eye movement.
Lession; Frontal Gaze Pattern
BA 8: Frontal Eye Field
34
"seat of intelligence" and responsible for personality and behavior.
Lesion: changes in personality and behaviour
BA 9, 10, 11, and 12: Prefrontal Area
35
Associated with praxis of speech. Motor speech area.
Lesion; Boca's aphasia
BA 44, 45: Broca's Area
36
Give the number of Brodmann's area in the Parietal Lobe
BA 3, 1, 2: Primary Sensory Area
BA 5,7: Secondary Sensory
BA 39: Angular Gyrus
BA 40: Supramarginal Gyrus
BA 43: Gustatory Area
37
Aka Post Central Gyrus. Receives all general sensation and responsible for localization and sensory perception.
Lesion; Hemianesthesia / Anesthesia
BA 3, 1, 2: Primary Sensory Area
38
Aka somesthetic area; sensory association area. Interprets sensation perceived by BA 3, 1 ,2 except for pain and temperature
BA 5, 7: Secondary Sensory
39
Responsible for Naming, reading, writing, mathematical ability, and right and left orientation.
Lesion: Anomia
Gertmann Syndrome (indi ka solve)
BA 39 Angular Gyrus
40
Responsible for tactile perception, language perception.
Lesion: Tactile agnosia and Ideomotor apraxia
BA 40 Supramarginal Gyrus
41
Taste area Lesion: Aguesia (no sense of taste)
BA 43: Gustatory Area
42
Give the number of Brodmann's area in the Occipital Lobe
BA 17: Primary Visual Area
BA 18, 19: Secondary Visual Area
43
Aka striate cortex and responsible for vision
Lesion: Homonymous Hemianopsia (Unilateral Lesion) Cortical Blindness (Bilateral Lesion)
BA 17: Primary Visual Area
44
Aka visual association area; parastriate cortex.Interprets images perceived by BA 17
BA 18, 19: Secondary Visual Area
45
what will happen if there is a lesion in BA 18, 19
- Visual Agnosia
- Color Agnosia
- Dyschromatopsia
- Alexia without agraphia
46
Give the number of Brodmann's area in the Temporal Lobe
BA 41, 42: Primary Auditory Areas
Right BA 22: Auditory Association Area
Left BA 22: Wernicke's Area
47
Aka heschl's gyrus, responsible for hearing.
Lesion: Contralateral deafness (unilateral lesion)
Cortical Deafness (Bilateral)
BA 41, 42: Primary Auditory Area
48
Interprets sound other than language
Lesion: Auditory Agnosia
Right BA 22: Auditory Association Area
49
Interprets language
Lesion: Wernicke's Aphasia
Left BA 22: Wernicke's Area
50
Representation of human body based on a neurological map
Homunculus
51
Several islands of gray matter buried deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere. Smoothens the motor performance, Initiation of movement and modulation of movement & motor coordination.
Basal Nuclei
52
Aka interbrain
Diencephalon
53
What are the major structure of Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
- Subthalamus
54
Main sensory relay station and integration center of the brain. Influences the activity of the motor cortex. Relays common sensations to consciousness. Responsible for visual and hearing sensation.
Thalamus
55
What are the functions of Hypothalamus?
- Regulate body temperature
- Regulates pituitary gland
- Regulates autonomic nervous system
- Hunger, thirst, and satiety center
- Circadian Rhythm
- Emotion
- Sexual Desire
56
2 kinds of Epithalamus
- Habenular Nucleus
- Pineal Gland
57
Center for integration of olfactory, somatic, and visceral afferent pathways
Habenular Nucleus
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Produces melatonin, promotes sleep and responsible for both biological clock and circadian rhythm.
Pineal Gland
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3 subdivision of Brainstem
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblangata
60
Parts of the midbrain
- Tectum
- Cerebral Peduncle
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Roof of the midbrain and has corpora quadrigemina. Has 2 parts which are superior colliculi (visual reflex) an Inferior Colliculi (Auditory Reflex)
Tectum
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Little feet of the cerebrum. Convey ascending and descending impulses
Cerebral Peduncle
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Connects midbrain and medulla oblongata. Means bridge and primary respiratory center (pneumotaxic and apneustic) Vasomotor Center and consciousness. Controls reticular activating system responsible for arousal/ consciousness
Pons
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Area where the important pyramidal tracts (motor fibers) cross over to the opposite side.
Medulla Oblongata
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Functions of Medulla Oblongata
- Primary Respiratory Center
- Vasomotor Center
- Vagal Center
- Emetic (suka) Center
- Coughing, yawning, and sneezing reflex
66
Aka little brain. Ipsilateral representation.
Cerebellum
67
3 subdivisions of cerebellum
Paleocerebellum
Archicerebellum
Neocerebellum
68
Aka anterior lobe, spinocerebellum, and responsible for posture and muscle tone
Paleocerebellum
69
Oldest lobe, aka floculonodular lobe. Vestibulocerebellum. Responsible for balance.
Archicerebellum
70
Largest and newest aka posterior lobe and responsible for fine movement and coordination
Neocerebellum
71
Cylindrical mass of neural tissue occupying the upper 2/2 of vertebral canal.
Spinal Cord
72
Where does the spinal cord start and end?
Starts at the level of the foramen magnum
Ends in L1 L2 vertebrae
73
What is the normal diameter and length of our spinal cord?
Diameter= 1- 1.5 cm
Length= 42- 45 cm
74
Segments of the spinal cord
Cervical= 8
Thoracic= 12
Lumbar= 5
Sacral= 5
Coccygeal= 1
75
External Structure of the spinal cord
- Conus Medullaris
- Filum Terminale
- Cauda Equina
76
Conical inferior end, Spinal integration center for micturition/ urination/ voiding
Conus Medullaris
77
Gives anchor to the spine. Filament extending from the conus & attaches to 1st segment of the coccyx. Made with pia mater. No symptoms just localized pain
Filum Terminale
78
Horsetail composed of rootlets of lumbosacral plexus
Cauda Equina
79
Internal Structure of the spinal cord
Gray Matter
White Matter
80
Butterfly-shaped internal part. Aka “horn”. Surrounds the central canal of the cord. Dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form the spinal nerves
Gray Matter
81
Outer portion and composed of myelinated fiber tracts. Divided into 3 parts (Dorsal, Lateral, and Ventral Column)
White Matter
82
Region of white matter that is composed of ascending tract only. Sensory function only
Dorsal Column
83
Region of white matter that is composed of Ascending and descending tract. Motor Function.
Lateral and Ventral Column
