nervous system: CNS brain

Question 1

parts

Answer 1

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
functional systems

Question 2

forebrain parts

Answer 2

cerebrum

diencephalon

Question 3

cerebrum

Answer 3

=right and left cerebral hemispheres

• lobes (named after overlying bones)
• frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insula (deep to temporal lobe)

Question 4

cerebrum surface features

Answer 4

fissures
gyri
sulci

Question 5

fissures

Answer 5

deep grooves

1. longitudinal fissure (separates right and left hemispheres)
2. transverse fissure (separates cerebellum and cerebrum)
3. lateral fissure (separates temporal lobe from rest of cerebrum)

Question 6

gyri

Answer 6

ridges
ex. postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe
precentral gyrus in frontal lobe

Question 7

sulci

Answer 7

shallow grooves (separate gyri)
ex. central sulcus - b/w frontal and parietal lobes

Question 8

cerebrum has 3 layes

Answer 8

cerebral cortex
tracts
basal nuclei

Question 9

cerebral cortex

Answer 9

2-4 mm thick, gray matter
has functional areas:
motor areas 
sensory areas
association areas
 and others

Question 10

motor areas

Answer 10

all in frontal lobe

• control skeletal muscle movement
• has three regions:
  1. primary motor area (precentral gyrus)
  2. premotor area
  3. broca’s-language

Question 11

sensory areas

Answer 11

a. general sensory area
b. vision
c. auditory and olfaction
d. taste and visceral sensation

Question 12

general sensory area

Answer 12

pain, temp, touch, pressure

-postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe

Question 13

vision

Answer 13

occipital lobe

Question 14

auditory and olfaction

Answer 14

temporal lobe

Question 15

taste and visceral sensation

Answer 15

(eg. full bladder)

- insula

Question 16

association areas

Answer 16

recognize info from memories

-parietal, occipital, temporal lobes

Question 17

others functional areas

Answer 17

memory in the temporal lobes
conscious intellect (personality, learning ideas, judgement etc)
-prefrontal cortex

Question 18

tracts

Answer 18

white matter
-types:
association tracts 
commissural tracts 
projection tracts

Question 19

association tracts

Answer 19

from gyrus to gyrus in same hemisphere

Question 20

commissural tracts

Answer 20

from gyrus to gyrus in opposite hemispheres

eg. corpus callosum

Question 21

projection tracts

Answer 21

run vertically (brain to spinal cord/ spinal cord to brain)

Question 22

basal nuclei

Answer 22

paired masses of gray matter (w/in the white matter)

-involved in control of skeletal muscle movement

Question 23

diencephalon

Answer 23

all gray matter

2 parts : thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 24

thalamus

Answer 24

2 lobes connection by intermediate mass (bridge of gray matter across 3rd ventricle)
-relay station for most sensory impulses to cortex

Question 25

hypothalamus

Answer 25

- inferior to thalamus, above pituitary - major regulator of the internal environment (visceral control) eg. blood pressure, heart rate

Question 26

mid brain

Answer 26

-connects pons and diencephalon -contains cerebral aqueduct -anterior portion = cerebral peduncles (projection tracts) -posterior portion = 4 nuclei = corpora quadrigemina 2 superior colliculi - visual reflexes 2 inferior colliculi - hearing and auditory reflexes

Question 27

hindbrain contains

Answer 27

pons medulla oblongata cerebellum

Question 28

pons

Answer 28

anterior to cerebellum contains: -tracts b/w brain and spinal cord and tracts to/from cerebellum -pontine respiratory centres

Question 29

medulla oblongata

Answer 29

inferior to pons -ends at foramen magnum -2 bulges called pyramids=large motor tracts ( = part of corticospinal tracts) -just above spinal cord -> decussation of pyramids (tracts cross over) (several non-vital centres - for swallowing, sneezing, vomiting)

Question 30

medulla oblongata 3 vital centres (nuclei) in medulla

Answer 30

cardiac vasomotor (blood vessels) respiratory

Question 31

brainstem is made up of

Answer 31

midbrain pons medulla

Question 32

cerebellum

Answer 32

- posterior to pons and medulla - has folds similar to gyri=folia (cortex (gray matter)) - arbor vitae (deep to cortex, anterior cerebellum) = white matter - coordinates skeletal muscle contraction (posture and balance)

Question 33

functional systems

Answer 33

- limbic system | - reticular formation

Question 34

limbic system

Answer 34

- nuclei in cerebrum and diencephalon - regulate emotion and emotional behaviours (laughing, crying, etc) - contains areas involved in memory (memories evoke emotional responses)

Question 35

reticular formation

Answer 35

-nuclei in brain -cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus involved (together form RAS- reticular activating system) -regulates alertness and attention (filters stimuli and only sends new/unusual signals to to other brain areas) -sleep results when inhibited -if damaged = coma