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Anat final > nervous systems > Flashcards

nervous systems Flashcards

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1
Q

2 divisions

A

central nervous system CNS

peripheral nervous system PCS

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2
Q

CNS

A
  • command centre
  • brain and spinal cord
  • processes and integrates info
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3
Q

PNS consists of

A

cranial nerves to/from brain

spinal nerves to/from spinal cord

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4
Q

2 divisions of PNS

A

sensory/afferent division

motor/efferent division

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5
Q

sensory/afferent division

A

has sensory receptors that detect stimuli (changes in the internal or external environments)
-nerves convey impulses toward CNS

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6
Q

motor/efferent division

A
  • nerves convey impulses away from CNS

- innervates (supplies nerves to) effectors = muscles and glands (endocrine or exocrine)

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7
Q

relationship b/w cns and pns

A

page 1 of notes

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8
Q

nervous system organization

A

page 2 of notes

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9
Q

histology cell types:

A

neurons

neuroglia (glial cells)

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10
Q

neurons

A

conduct impulses
make up CNS and PNS
mostly amitotic (irreplaceable)
exceptions = taste, olfaction, memory

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11
Q

neuron structure

A

cell body

and processes from cell body: dendrites and axon

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12
Q

cell body

A

typical organelles
RER called Nissl bodies
groups/clusters in CNS=nuclei (gray matter)
groups/clusters in PNS=ganglia

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13
Q

dendrites

A

receive incoming messages and relay to cell body

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14
Q

axon

A
  • carries impulses away from cell body
  • axon hillock-where axon meets cell body
  • axon terminal->typically branched with synaptic end bulbs (enlarged tips). may be: myelinated or unmyelinated
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15
Q

myelinated

A

wrapped in many layers of cell membrane from Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes CNS

  • electrical insulation
  • gaps in myelin sheath are called nodes of Ranvier
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16
Q

myelinated axon bundles in

A

cns=tracts (white matter)

pns=nerves

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17
Q

unmyelinated

A

no myelin

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18
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A

support neurons = can undergo mitosis (prone to cancer -brain tumour)

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19
Q

types of neuroglia (glial cells) in CNA

A

oligodendrocytes
microglia
astrocytes
ependymal cells

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20
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin around axon

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21
Q

microglia

A

protective = become phagocytic if detect, infected, dead or damaged neurons (because immune cells can’t enter CNS)

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22
Q

Astrocytes

A

-surround blood capillaries to form part of blood brain barrier (BBB)

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23
Q

ependymal cells

Study These Flashcards
A
  • neural epithelium
  • line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
  • secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and circulate it (cilia)
24
Q

types of PNS neuroglia

Study These Flashcards
A

schwann cells

satellite cells

25
schwann cells
form myelin around axons in PNS
26
Satellite cells
surround neuron cells bodies in ganglia | -protection and support
27
structural/anatomical types:
based on number of processes coming off cell body a) unipolar b) bipolar c) mutlipolar
28
neuron classification
structural/anatomical types and functional types
29
unipolar
1 process that divides into 2 central and peripheral peripheral end has dendrites = sensory receptors (pain, touch etc. ) remainder is axon -always sensory
30
bipolar
2 processes: 1 axon, 1 process with dendrites | sensory -> retina, nose (olfaction)
31
multipolar
3 or more processes: 1 axon, many dendrites | all interneurons and motor neurons
32
functinoal types
based on direction of impulse conduction a) sensory/afferent neurons b) interneurons c) motor/efferent neurons
33
sensory/ afferent neurons
mostly unipolar | from sensory receptors to CNS
34
interneurons
w/in CNS (b/w sensory and motor) | 99% of neurons (mostly multipolar)
35
motor/ efferent neurons
CNS to effectors (all multipolar)
36
neuronal junctions (synapses)
neuron to neuron neuromuscular junction neuroglandular junction
37
neuron to neuron
can be chemical (use neurotransmitters) or electrical (ions)
38
neuromuscular junction
motor neuron to skeletal muscle cell
39
neuroglandular junction
motor neuron to smooth or cardiac muscle, or a gland
40
chemical neuronal synapses more common structure:
presynaptic neuron synaptic cleft postsynaptic neuron
41
presynaptic neuron
neuron bringing impulse has axon terminal with synaptic end bulbs inside end bulb = synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter (nt) presynaptic membrane (cell membrane facing space)
42
synaptic celft
space b/w neurons
43
postsynaptic neuron
receives the signal has postsynaptic membrane =cell membrane of dendrites or cell body with receptors for nt
44
CNS protective features
``` bone meninges cerebrospinal fluis CSF blood-brain barrier BBB cerebral arterial circle ```
45
CNS bone
skull and vertebral column
46
meninges
CT around brain and spinal cord
47
meninges layers
``` dura mater (outer) arachnoid mater (middle) pia mater (Inner) ```
48
dura mater
outer - brain-2 fused layers (separated in some places to from spaces = venous (dural), sinuses - contain blood) - spinal cord - 1 layer - deep to dura mater = subdural space (filled with ISF) - superficial to dura mater= epidural space (spinal cord only) (filled with fat, blood vessels, CT etc)
49
arachnoid mater
middle - avascular - subarachanoid space * contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) * web-like strands of CT secure it to pia mater - has arachnoid villi (brain only) * project into dural sinuses * CSF enters villi to return to blood
50
pia mater
inner - on surface of CNS (brain and spinal cord) - vascular
51
meningitis is..
inflammation of meninges
52
cerebrospinal fluid CSF
surrounds brain and spinal cord | in brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
53
cerebrospinal fluid ventricals
- spaces inside brain (filled with CSF) - 2 lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) in cerebrum) - 3rd ventricle-in diencephalon - 4th ventricle- surround by pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
54
cerebrospinal fluid ventricles central canal
space in spinal cord - cushion CNS -brain buoyant - formed from blood plasma (similar composition) - produced by choroid plexuses (blood capillaries) found in each ventricle - circulation diagram on page 6
55
Blood-brain barrier BBB 2 cell types
1. endothelial cells ( of capillaries ) with tight junctions 2. astrocytes - foot processes wrap around endothelial cells
56
BBB
selectively permeable - allows: glucose, fat soluble material to cross - not toxins, antibiotics etc - in most parts of brain except: posterior pituitary, hypothalamus vomiting centre
57
cerebral arterial circle
cerebral arteries form circle at base of forebrain -circles pituitary gland and optic chiasma (where optic nerves cross) -unites the 2 major blood supplies to the brain (anterior and posterior) -provides an alternate route for blood if vessels blocked (go to page 7 and 8)

Anat final (13 decks)

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