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Anat final > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

main funtions

A
  • air movement- in and out of lungs

- exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) b/w lungs and blood

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2
Q

2 sub divisions

A

upper and lower respiratory system

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3
Q

upper repsiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

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4
Q

lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

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5
Q

lined with ?

A

mucosa (with one exception)

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6
Q

all have what type of tissue?

A

epithelial and CT
(epithelial tissue for most=ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells)
(connective tissue layer of all mucosae= lamina propria)

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7
Q

what does cilia do?

A

sweep mucus to esophagus where swallowed

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8
Q

respiratory system structures

A 
nose 
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx (throat)
larynx (voice box)
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs
respiratory membrane
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9
Q

nose

A

supported by bone and hyaline cartilage

nostrils=nares

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10
Q

nasal cavity funtions

A
  1. airway passage (warm and moisten air)
  2. olfaction
  3. speech (resonance chamber)
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11
Q

nasal cavity divided by

A 
nasal septum
(anterior part=hyaline cart
posterior part=vomer, ethmoid, maxillae, palatine bones)
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12
Q

nasal cavity three areas

A
  1. vestibule
  2. respiratory area
  3. olfactory area
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13
Q

vestibule

A

anterior region

lined by skin with coarse hairs

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14
Q

respiratory area

A

posterior region
-mucosa=ciliated pseudostratifed epithelium and CT
-conchae protrude from walls : superior, middle (both part of ethmoid), inferior (separate bone)
-inferior to each conchae = a nasal meatus (shallow groove)
-conchae and meatuses cause air turbulence to knock out dust
-lacrimal duct opens into cavity (just below inferior nasal concha)
(tears into nasal cavity)

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15
Q

olfactory area

A

sense of smell
roof of cavity
neurons - olfactory receptors

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16
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

8 air filled spaces in skull

  • paired left and right spaces in: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae
  • open directly into nasal cavity
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17
Q

paranasal sinuses function

A

warm, moisten air

lighten skull

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18
Q

paranasal sinusitis

A

inflammation of mucous membrane

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19
Q

pharynx (throat)

A

-skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane

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20
Q

pharynx has three regions

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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21
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • posterior to nasal cavity

- air passage only

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22
Q

nasopharynx contains

A
  • pharyngeal tonsil
    opening:
  • 2 posterior nasal apertures
  • 2 pharyngotympanic (eustachian tubes)
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23
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior to oral cavity

  • air and food passage
  • stratified squamous epithelium (abraision)
  • from soft palate to epiglottis
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24
Q

oropharynx contains:

A

palatine tonsils

lingual tonsils

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25
laryngopharynx
air and food passage - stratified squamous epithelium - from epiglottis to opening of larynx
26
larynx (voice box)
air passage only made of 9 cartilages -all hyaline cartilages (except epiglottis) 3 unpaired cartilages and 3 paired cartilage -vocal chords = 2 paired folds in the mucosa -contains glottis and laryngitis
27
unpaired cartilage in larynx
- thyroid cartilage (on anterioir wall=adams apple) - cricoid cartilage (forms complete ring) - epiglottis (covers glottis during swallowing, elastic cartilage)
28
paired cartilage
- arytenoid - attached vocal chords | - dont need to know other two
29
vocal chords = 2 paired folds in the mucosa
1. vestibular fold - false vocal chords - superior fold 2. vocal fold - true vocal chords - produce sound by vibration
30
glottis
true vocal chords plus opening | closes to prevent food and liquid from entering trachea
31
laryngitis
inflammation of larynx | -can arise from infection, irritation
32
trachea
-connects larynx to main bronci -anterior to esophagus -consists of 20 c-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage (open part of C faces esophagus- permits expansion of esophagus)
33
bronchial tree
refer to page 4 -main bronci=alveolar ducts epithelium of mucosa shows gradual change
34
lungs right and left separated by
mediastinum
35
right lung
3 lobes | superior, middle, inferior
36
left lung
2 lobes superior and inferior -has cardiac notch (where heart lies)
37
lungs parts
right and left lung pleura pleural cavity respiratory zone
38
pleura
serous membrane - visceral-on surface of lung - parietal-on inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm and mediastinum
39
pleural cavity
filled with serious fluid -prevents friction when lungs move -holds lungs to thoracic cavity wall refer to page 6
40
respiratory zone in lungs
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli | -O2 enters blood, Co2 enters air (gas exchange occurs mainly ini alveoli
41
respiratory membrane
consists of alveolar walls and surrounding capillaries | -3 layers = 2 epithelia and their fused basement membranes
42
respiratory membrane layers
wall of alveolus basement membrane of alveolus and capillary wall of capillary
43
wall of alveolus
``` simple epithelium -made of 3 cell types: type 1 alveolar cells types 2 alveolar cels marcrophages note: alveolar pores allow air movement b/w aleoli ```
44
type 1 alveolar cells
simple squamous | allow gas diffusion
45
type 2 alveolar cells
simple cuboidal secrete surfactant (allows lungs to expand with ease)
46
macrophages
free-moving across surface of type 1 cells | remove dust and debris
47
wall of capillary
simple squamous epithelium= endothelial cell
48
blood supply to lung has two routes
pulmonary circulation -blood to be oxygenated bronchial circulation -blood to nourish lung tissue
49
pulmonary circualtion
- right vent->pulm trunk->pulm arteries->capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs (deoxy) - > pulmonary veins->left atrium (oxy)
50
bronchial circulation bronchial arteries
arise from aorta (systemic) | -carry oxygenated blood to tissues (eg. bronchi) except respiratory zone
51
bronchial circulation returning to heart, blood drains into:
- bronchial vein (little blood) to right atrium- systemic) - or pulmonary veins (most blood) (to left atrium- pulmonary) - refer to page 8
52
clinical applications (5)
- pulmonary edema - tuberculosis - pulmonary embolism - pneumothorax - emphysema
53
pulmonary edema
accumulation of fluid in the lungs - b/w cells and within alveioli
54
tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) - thickens respiratory membrane- lung tissue replaces by fibrous CT (scars) - decreased lung elasticity and gas exchange area
55
pulmonary embolism
blockage of pulmonary vasculature | -due to blood clot, arteriosclerosis, air bubbles in vessels, etc.
56
pneumothorax:
entry of air into pleural cavity | causes lung to collapse
57
emphysema
alveolar walls break down - fewer, larger alveoli - decreased surface of area for gas exchange - decreased elasticity (hard to breathe) and recoil (less air out on exhalation)
58
ventilation (breathing)
muscles are all skeletal | -inspiration and expiration
59
inspiration
intake of air | -diaphragm and external intercostals contract
60
expiration
- air move to atmosphere from lungs - diaphragm and external intercostals relax - exhaling = passive process

Anat final (13 decks)

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