Nervous System Drugs Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Acetylcholine
A
-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Rarely used since it is so rapidly broken down by acetylecholinesterase
2
Q
Carbamylcholine
A
-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Treats GI atony
-Stimulates uterine contractions in swine
3
Q
Bethanechol
A
-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Treats GI and urinary tract atony
4
Q
Pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine)
A
-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Reduces intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma
-Treats keratoconjuctivitis sicca
5
Q
Metoclopramide
A
-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Controls vomiting
-Promotes gastric tract emptying
6
Q
Edrophonium
A
-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Used in dx of myasthenia gravis
-Only lasts 1-2 min
7
Q
Neostigmine (Prostigmine)
A
-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Treats urinary retention
-Treats GI atony
-Can last around 3 hrs
-Antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents
8
Q
Physostigmine (Antilirium)
A
-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Similar to Neostigmine
9
Q
Organophosphate compounds
A
-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Used in insecticide dips
-Can be toxic if used inappropriately
10
Q
Demecarium (Humorsol)
A
-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Used in preventive management of glaucoma
11
Q
Pyridostigmine (Mestinon)
A
-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Treats myesthenia gravis
-Can last around 6 hrs (longer than Neostigmine)
12
Q
Atropine
A
-Anticholinergic agent
-Preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia
-Counteracts organophosphate toxicity
-Dilates pupils for ophthalmic exam
-Controls ciliary eye spasms
-Treat bradycardia
-Slows a hypermotile gut
13
Q
Methscopolamine
A
-Anticholinergic agent
-Controls diarrhea
14
Q
Gylcopyrrolate
A
-Anticholinergic agent
-Quaternary ammonium compound
-Similar to Atropine but has a longer duration of action
-Preanesthetic
15
Q
Aminopentamide
A
-Anticholinergic agent
-Controls vomiting and diarrhea
16
Q
Propantheline
A
-Anticholinergic agent
-Quaternary ammonium compound
-Treats diarrhea
-Controls urinary incontinence
-Treats bradycardia
-Reduces colonic peristalsis in horses to allow rectal exam
17
Q
Pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM)
A
-Anticholinergic agent
-Cholinesterase reactivator
-Treats organophosphate toxicity
18
Q
Epinephrine
A
-Alpha & beta agonist (but prefers beta)
-Incr HR and cardiac output
-Constricts blood vessels in skin
-Dilates bronchioles
-Incr metabolic rate
19
Q
Norepinephrine
A
-Alpha & beta agonist (but prefers alpha)
-Vasoconstrictor
20
Q
Isoproterenol (Isuprel)
A
-Beta-1 & -2 agonist
-Bronchodilator
-Treats atropine-resistant bradycardia
21
Q
Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
A
-Alpha-1 agonist
-Nasal vasoconstrictor
-Vasoconstrictor
-Caution for rebound epistaxis if stopped suddenly
22
Q
Dopamine
A
-Alpha & beta agonist (prefers beta)
-Precursor of Epi and Norepi
-Treats shock and CHF
-Incr renal perfusion, BP, & cardiac output
23
Q
Phenylpropanolamine
A
-Alpha & beta agonist (but prefers alpha)
-Treats urinary incontinence
-Decongestant and bronchodilator
24
Q
Dobutamine
A
-Beta-1 agonist
-Incr HR and cardiac output
-Short-term tx of heart failure
25
Albuterol
-Beta-2 agonist
-Bronchodilator
26
Phenoxybenzamine
-Adrenergic blocking agent
-Alpha blocker
-Vasodilator (hypotensive agent)
Side-effects:
-Tachycardia
-Hypotension
27
Acepromazine
-Adrenergic blocking agent
-Alpha blocker
-Tranquilizer (phenothiazine)
-Vasodilator
Side-effects:
-Seizures
28
Prazosin
-Alpha-1 antagonist
-Vasodilator
-Treats urethral spasms secondary to UO
29
Yohimbine (Yobine)
-Alpha-2 antagonist
-Antidote for Xylazine toxicity
30
Atipamezole (Antisedan)
-Alpha-2 antagonist
-Reversal for Dexmedetomidine
31
Propranolol
-Beta-1 & -2 antagonist
-Treats cardiac arrhythmias & HCM
-Decr HR, BP, and cardigan output
32
Timolol
-Beta-1 & -2 antagonist
-Ophthalmic preparation that treats glaucoma
33
Atenolol
-Beta-1 antagonist
-Treats cardiac arrhythmias and HCM
-Decr HR, BP, and cardiac output
34
Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine)
-Phenothiazine tranquilizer
-Produce sedation and ally fear
-No analgesic properties
-Antiemetic
-Antipruritic
35
Promazine hydrochloride
-Phenothiazine tranquilizer
-Produce sedation and ally fear
-No analgesic properties
-Antiemetic
-Antipruritic
36
Prochlorperazine
-Phenothiazine tranquilizer
-Produce sedation and ally fear
-No analgesic properties
-Antiemetic
-Antipruritic
37
Diazepam (Valium, Diastat)
-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Depresses thalamus & hypothalamus
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation
-Anticonvulsant
-3-4 hr duration of action
-Can be used for anxiety
-Produces minimal cardiovascular/resp depression compared to other CNS depressants
-Painful if given IM (not water soluble)
-Metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
38
Midazolam (Versed)
-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation
-Anticonvulsant
-Not painful if given IM (water soluble)
39
Zolazepam (Telazol)
-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation
-Short-acting anesthetic
40
Alprazolam (Xanax)
-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation
-Appetite stimulant
-Can be used for anxiety
41
Xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun, AnaSed, Sedazine, Cervizine)
-Alpha-2 agonist
-Analgesic, sedative, muscle relaxant
-Treats colic pain in horses
-Can induce vomiting
42
Detomidine (Dormosedan)
-Alpha-2 agonist
-Sedative and analgesic in horses
-May still kick even when appearing sedated
43
Medetomidine (Domitor)
-Alpha-2 agonist
-Sedative & analgesic for dogs
44
Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor, Sileo oromucosal gel)
-Alpha-2 agonist
-Sedative & analgesic for cats and dogs
-More potent than Medetomidine
-Sedative, analgesic, pre-anesthetic
-Can be used for anxiety
45
Romifidine (SediVet)
-Alpha-2 agonist
-Sedative for horses
46
Phenobarbital (Luminal, Solfoton)
-Barbituate
-Long-acting Oxybarbiturate
-Anticonvulsant
-Potent cardiac and reap depressant
-Nonreversible
47
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
-Barbiturate
-Short-acting Oxybarbiturate
-1-3 hrs of anesthesia
-Anticonvulsant
-Euthanasia agent
48
Thiopental (Pentothal, Methohexital)
-Barbiturate
-Ultrashort-acting Thiobarbiturate
-Very alkaline (causes necrosis if given extravascularly)
-Redistributes to fat stored within 5-30 min after admin
49
Ketamine (Ketaset)
-Dissociative agent
-NMDA agonist (analgesic)
-Depresses thalamus & cerebral cortex; activates limbic system
-Cause muscle rigidity, analgesia, amnesia
-Not analgesic for deep abdominal pain
-Maintain pharyngeal/laryngeal, oral, ocular reflexes (eyes should be lubed)
50
Tiletamine HCl (Telazol)
-Dissociative agent
-Depresses thalamus & cerebral cortex; activates limbic system
-Cause muscle rigidity, analgesia, amnesia
-Not analgesic for deep abdominal pain
-Maintain pharyngeal/laryngeal, oral, ocular reflexes (eyes should be lubed)
51
Phencyclidine (PCP, Angel dust)
-No longer avail
-Dissociative agent
52
Opium (Laudanum)
-Natural Opioid
-Antidiarrheal
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
53
Morphine sulfate (Duramorph)
-Natural Opioid
-Mu agonist
-Analgesia for severe pain
-Relieve fear/anxiety associate with CHF
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
54
Meperidine (Demerol)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Mu agonist
-Analgesia for acute pain
-1/8 as potent as morphine
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
55
Oxymorphone (Numorphan, Opana)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Mu agonist
-10x more potent than morphine
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
56
Butorphanol tartrate (Torbutrol, Torbugesic)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Kappa & sigma agonist, Mu antagonist
-4-7x more potent than morphine
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Antitussive
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
57
Fentanyl (Recuvrya, Sublimaze, Duragesic)
-Synthetic Opioid
-100x more potent than morphine
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Antitussive at low doses
-Antidiarrheal
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
58
Hydrocodone bitartrate (Hycodan, Tussigon)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Antitussive
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
59
Etorphine (M-99)
-Synthetic Opioid
-1,000x more potent than morphine
-Only for exotic/zoo medicine
-LETHAL if accidentally injected or absorbed through skin
-Analgesia & sedation
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
60
Pentazocine (Talwin)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia in horses and dogs
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
61
Diphenoxylate (Lomotil)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Antidiarrheal when combined with Atropine
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
62
Apomorphine (Apokyn)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Dopamine agonist
-Emetic
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
63
Methadone (Dolophine)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
64
Codeine
-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia & sedation
-Antitussive
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
65
Carfentanil (Wildnil)
-Synthetic Opioid
-10,000x more potent than morphine
-Wildlife Analgesia & sedation
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
66
Buprenorphine (Buprenex)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Partial Mu agonist-antagonist
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Longer duration of action than Torb
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
67
Buprenorphine (Simbadol)
-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia & sedation
-SQ injection SID for 3 days for 24 hr pain control
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
68
Tramadol
-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Antitussive at low doses
-Antidiarrheal
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
69
Naloxone (Narcan)
-Pure Opioid antagonist
-High affinity for mu receptors
-Chemically similar to Oxymorphone
-Opioid reversal
70
Nalorphine (Nalline)
-Partial Opioid antagonist
-May produce analgesia
-Opioid reversal
71
Fentanyl + Droperidol (Innovar-Vet)
-Neuroleptanalgesic (opioid + tranquilizer)
-No longer avail
-Sedation, anesthesia
72
Acepromazine + Morphine
-Neuroleptanalgesic (opioid + tranquilizer)
-Sedation, anesthesia
73
Acepromazine + Oxymorphone
-Neuroleptanalgesic (opioid + tranquilizer)
-Sedation, anesthesia
74
Xylazine + Butorphanol
-Neuroleptanalgesic (opioid + tranquilizer)
-Sedation, anesthesia
75
Primidone (Mylepsin, Neurosyn)
-Antiepileptic
-Chemically similar to pheno; partially metabolized into pheno by liver
76
Bromide
-Antiepileptic
-Used in adjunct with pheno/primidone
77
Gabapentin (Neurontin)
-Anticonvulsant
-Used in adjunct with other sz meds
-Used for partial sz or difficult to control sz
-Analgesic
-Can be used for anxiety
78
Levetiracetam (Keppra)
-Antiepileptic
-Used in adjunct with other sz meds
-Used for refractory canine epilepsy
79
Zonisamide (Zonegran)
-Antiepileptic
-Used in adjunct with other sz meds
-Used for refractory canine epilepsy
80
Isoflurane (IsoFlo, Isothesia)
-Inhalant anesthetic
-Halogenated ether
-Least soluble of inhalant agents (rapid induction & recovery times)
-Keeps stable heart rhythm and does not decr cardiac output
-<0.2% metabolized
81
Sevoflurane (SevoFlo)
-Inhalant anesthetic
-Halogenated ether
-Rapid induction & recovery times
-Keeps stable heart rhythm and does not decr cardiac output
-3% metabolized
82
Halothane (Fluothane)
-Inhalant anesthetic
-Halogenated hydrocarbon
-Decomposes when exposed to UV
-Sensitized heart to catecholamines (may cause arrhythmias)
-25% metabolized
-No longer avail in U.S.
83
Methoxyflurane (Metofane)
-Inhalant anesthetic
-Methyl-ethyl-ether
-Highly soluble in blood & tissues (slow induction & recovery times)
-50% metabolized
-Potentially nephrotoxic
84
Nitrous oxide
-Inhalant anesthetic
-Inorganic gas
-Cannot produce anesthesia alone, must be used in adjunct to other anesthetic agents
-Low solubility (rapid induction & recovery times)
-May cause distention of intestines, chest, etc.
-Must always be given with O2 to prevent hypoxia
-O2 should be given several minutes after nitrous oxide is turned off to prevent diffusion hypoxia
85
Propofol (PropoFlo, PropoFlo-28, Rapanofal)
-Short-acting hypnotic (2-5 min)
-Rapid & smooth anesthetic agent
86
Guaifenesin (Guailaxin, Robitussin-AC, Triaminic expectorant)
-Skeletal muscle relaxant
-Equine anesthesia
-Treats cough (expectorant)
Side-effects:
-Hemolysis if >5% solutions are used
87
Doxapram (Dopram-V)
-CNS stimulant
-Activates resp centers in medulla to stimulate breathing
88
Succinylcholine chloride (Anectine)
-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Depolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis
89
Decamethonium (Syncurine)
-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Depolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis
90
Gallamine (Flaxedil)
-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Nondepolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis
91
Pancuronium bromide (Pavulon)
-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Nondepolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis
92
Vecuronium bromide (Norcuron)
-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Nondepolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis
93
Atracurium (Tracrium)
-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Nondepolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis
94
Lorazepam (Ativan)
-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation
-Can be used for anxiety
95
Azapirone (Buspirone)
-No muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, or sedative effects
-Used for anxiety (seretonin blocker)
96
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
-Tricyclic antidepressant
-Block reuptake of norepi and seretonin
97
Imipramine (Tofranil)
-Tricyclic antidepressant
-Block reuptake of norepi and seretonin
98
Clomipramine (Clomicalm)
-Tricyclic antidepressant
-Block selective reuptake of seretonin
99
Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile)
-SSRI
100
Sertraline (Zoloft)
-SSRI
101
Paroxetine (Paxil)
-SSRI
102
Trazodone (Desyrel)
-SARI
-Causes seretonin to remain in brainstem longer
103
Selegiline (Anipryl)
-MOAI
-Increases dopamine levels
-Can treat canine dementia and Cushings
104
Megestrol acetate (Megace, Ovaban)
-Synthetic progestin
-Changes hormonal levels for behavior modification
105
Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera)
-Synthetic progestin
-Changes hormonal levels for behavior modification
106
Clorazepate (Tranxene-SD)
-Can be used for anxiety
107
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
-Can treat hyperactivity in dogs
