Nervous System III

Question 1

Listeria monocytogenes is a (G+ve or G-ve?) rod that is (extracellular or intracellular)?

Answer 1

Listeria monocytogenes is a G+ve rod that is intracellular

Question 2

is Listeria monocytogenes motile?

Answer 2

YES, described as having a “tumbling motility”

Question 3

list the 3 main reservoirs of Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 3

soil

water

decaying vegetation

Question 4

L. monocytogenes is acquired via ____

Answer 4

L. monocytogenes is acquired via ingestion

Question 5

which 2 populations does L. monocytogenes cause meningitis in?

Answer 5

elderly

capable of crossing placenta → neonatal meningitis

Question 6

L. monocytogenes is capable of crossing ___ and therefore causing ____

Answer 6

L. monocytogenes is capable of crossing the placenta and therefore causing neonatal meningitis

Question 7

Listeria is the only G+ve organism with ____

Answer 7

Listeria is the only G+ve organism with LPS

Question 8

____ is a pore-forming cytotoxin produced by Listeria

Answer 8

Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming cytotoxin produced by Listeria

Question 9

why is Listeria protected from humoral immune response?

Answer 9

intracellular growth in macrophages and epithelial cells protects Listeria from humoral immune response

Question 10

Listeriolysin O (LLO), along with PI-PLC, enables ____

Answer 10

Listeriolysin O (LLO), along with PI-PLC, enables escape of intracellular bacteria from endocytic vacuole

Question 11

Listeriolysin O (LLO) + PI-PLC are responsible for ____ observed on blood agar

Answer 11

Listeriolysin O (LLO) + PI-PLC are responsible for B-hemolysis observed on blood agar

Question 12

____, found in Listeria, enables cell invasion and spread by binding ___ allowing for induction of ____

Answer 12

internalins, found in Listeria, enables cell invasion and spread by binding cadherins allowing for induction of phagocytosis

Question 13

____, found in Listeria, manipulates host cell actin to enable bacteria to move within and between cells

Answer 13

actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA), found in Listeria, manipulates host cell actin to enable bacteria to move within and between cells

Question 14

the growth of Listeria occurs at what temperature?

Answer 14

refrigerator temperatures

Question 15

once Listeria invades a new cell via the help of ____, it uses ____ to degrade the double cell membrane (one from the old cell where it left and one from the new cell where it entered)

Answer 15

once Listeria invades a new cell via the help of ActA (actin propellor), it uses LLO/PC-PLCto degrade the double cell membrane (one from the old cell where it left and one from the new cell where it entered)

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

the major virulence factor of H. influenzae is ____

Answer 17

the major virulence factor of H. influenzae is the capsule

Question 18

what is the oxidase and catalase expression of H. influenzae?

Answer 18

oxidase and catalase POSITIVE

Question 19

type ____ H. influenzae is associated with invasive disease, and the capsule is composed of ____

Answer 19

type b H. influenzae is associated with invasive disease, and the capsule is composed of polyribose phosphate (PRP)

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

____ is a risk factor for S. agalactiae infection in neonates

Answer 21

premature birth is a risk factor for S. agalactiae infection in neonates

Question 22

describe the presentation of S. agalactiae when acquired at birth vs. in the nursery

Answer 22

Question 23

a major pathogenic factor of S. agalactiae is its _____

Answer 23

a major pathogenic factor of S. agalactiae is its polysaccharide capsule

Question 24

the polysaccharide capsule in S. agalactiae contains ____ residues

Answer 24

the polysaccharide capsule in S. agalactiae contains sialic acid residues

Question 25

S. agalactiae evades the innate immune mechanism via prevention of activation of \_\_\_\_

Answer 25

S. agalactiae evades the innate immune mechanism via prevention of activation of **activation of alternative complement pathway**

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

E. coli can cause meningitis from ___ spread from systemic infections such as ____ (3)

Answer 27

E. coli can cause meningitis from **hematogenous** spread from systemic infections such as **GI, resp., or urinary tracts**

Question 28

the ____ in E. coli allows for adhesion to epithelial cells

Answer 28

the **S fimbriae** in E. coli allows for adhesion to epithelial cells

Question 29

80% of isolated E. coli from cases of neonatal meningitis possess the ____ antigen

Answer 29

80% of isolated E. coli from cases of neonatal meningitis possess the **K1 antigen (polysaccharide capsule)**

Question 30

describe the Enteroviruses that can cause meningitis

Answer 30

Question 31

\_\_\_\_ are responsible for 85-95% of aseptic meningitis

Answer 31

**Enterovirus** are responsible for 85-95% of aseptic meningitis

Question 32

Coccidiodes spp. is associated with travel to \_\_\_\_

Answer 32

Coccidiodes spp. is associated with travel to **SW USA**

Question 33

chronic meningitis is defined as \_\_\_\_

Answer 33

chronic meningitis is defined as **4 weeks of symptoms with signs of inflammation in CSF**

Question 34

Poliovirus is part of the ____ family of viruses

Answer 34

Poliovirus is part of the **Picornaviridae** family of viruses

Question 35

a non-specific, febrile form of polio is called \_\_\_\_

Answer 35

a non-specific, febrile form of polio is called **abortive poliomyelitis**

Question 36

describe the biphasic pattern of paralytic poliomyelitis

Answer 36

* **minor illness** as per abortive polio that progresses to: * **major illness** * meningitis → myalgias → **weakness and asymmetric flaccid paralysis** * primary complication = respiratory compromise

Question 37

the ____ vaccine for polio is used where there is no wild-type virus transmission

Answer 37

the **inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) aka Salk vaccine** for polio is used where there is no wild-type virus transmission

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_ aka ____ is associated with a small risk of associated paralytic disease (Vaccine Associated Paralytic Polio, VAPP)

Answer 38

**live oral attenuated polio vaccine (OPV)** aka **Sabin vaccine** is associated with a small risk of associated paralytic disease (Vaccine Associated Paralytic Polio, VAPP)

Question 39

what is the classical triad of symptoms seen in brain abscesses?

Answer 39

fever, headache, altered mental status

Question 40

describe the 4-stage model of formation of a brain abscess

Answer 40

Question 41

brain abscesses caused by direct spread are associated with pathogens causing _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

brain abscesses caused by direct spread are associated with pathogens causing **chronic otitis media** and **dental infection**

Question 42

brain abscesses caused by hematogenous spread usually results in \_\_\_\_

Answer 42

brain abscesses caused by hematogenous spread usually results in **multiple abscesses located in distribution of MCA**

Question 43

brain abscesses caused by hematogenous spread is associated with pathogens causing \_\_\_\_

Answer 43

brain abscesses caused by hematogenous spread is associated with pathogens causing **skin, pelvic or intraabdominal infections or bacterial endocarditis**

Question 44

the main predisposing factor for brain abscesses seen in immunocompetent patients is \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

the main predisposing factor for brain abscesses seen in immunocompetent patients is **contiguous focus of infection** (e.g. paranasal sinusitis, extracranial infection, e.g. endocarditis)

Question 45

brain abscesses in immunocompetent patients are caused by \_\_\_\_

Answer 45

brain abscesses in immunocompetent patients are caused by **polymicrobial causes (aerobic and anaerobic bacteria)**

Question 46

70% of cases of bacterial brain abscesses are due to \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 46

70% of cases of bacterial brain abscesses are due to **Streptococci**

Question 47

describe the diagnosis of brain abscesses

Answer 47