Nervous System II

Question 1

list the 2 forms of Rabies

Answer 1

urban = reservoirs include dogs, cats

sylvatic = wildlife (racoons, mongoose)

Question 2

____ is the most common reservoir of Rabies in the US

Answer 2

raccoons is the most common reservoir of Rabies in the US

Question 3

Rabies virus is part of the ____ family of viruses

Answer 3

Rabies virus is part of the Rhabdoviridae family of viruses

Question 4

describe the 3 stages of Rabies encephalitis

Answer 4

1. prodromal
   
   • non-specific symptoms (fever, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea)
2. furious
   
   • neck and pharyngeal spasms → severe pain when swallowing (hydrophobia)
3. dumb
   
   • paralysis, disorientation, stupor

Question 5

diagnosis of Rabies involves seeing intracellular _____ bodies aka ____

Answer 5

diagnosis of Rabies involves seeing intracellular eosinophilic cytoplasmic bodies aka Negri bodies

Question 6

list the 2 methods of treating Rabies

Answer 6

• Human Rabies Immune Globulin (HRIG)
  
  • used for infusion of wound and intramuscular injection
• inactivated vaccine
  
  • given at: 0, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days post-exposure

Question 7

the characteristic spongy appearance in CJD is due to formation of ____

Answer 7

the characteristic spongy appearance in CJD is due to formation of vacuoles in the cortex and cerebellum

Question 8

describe the symptoms of CJD

Answer 8

Question 9

list the 2 species of amoebae

Answer 9

Question 10

___ is an amoeba associated with freshwater exposure

Answer 10

Naegleria is an amoeba associated with freshwater exposure

Question 11

describe acute vs. chronic meningitis

Answer 11

Question 12

chronic meningitis is usually ___ or ____

Answer 12

chronic meningitis is usually fungal or mycobacterial

Question 13

aseptic meningitis is usually caused by ____

Answer 13

aseptic meningitis is usually caused by viruses

Question 14

list the top 5 causes of acute meningitis

Answer 14

1. S. pneumoniae
2. N. meningitidis
3. Listeria
4. H. influenzae type b
5. S. aureus

Question 15

list the top 3 causes of bacterial meningitis in neonates (0-6 months)

Answer 15

Group B Strep

E. coli

Listeria

Question 16

list the top causes of bacterial meningitis in children 6 months - 6 years

Answer 16

S. pneumoniae

N. meningitidis

Enterovirus

H. influenzae type B

Question 17

list the top causes of bacterial meningitis in people 6-60 yrs of age

Answer 17

S. pneumoniae

N. meningitidis

Enterovirus

HSV (non-bacterial)

Question 18

list the top causes of bacterial meningitis in adults > 60 yrs

Answer 18

S. pneumoniae

G-ve rods

Listeria

Question 19

describe the virulence factors in N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae

Answer 19

Question 20

describe the role of the virulence factors in the steps of pathogenesis

Answer 20

Question 21

describe the capsular types among meningitis-causing pathogens

Answer 21

Question 22

describe the biology of N. meningitidis

Answer 22

Question 23

list the unique symptoms of Meningococcemia

Answer 23

tachycardia/tachypnea

hypotension

cool hands and feet

abnormal skin color

Question 24

petechial rashes are non-____ and correlates with amount of ____

Answer 24

petechial rashes are non-blanching and correlates with amount of thrombocytopenia

Question 25

in N. meningitidis, serogroup ___ is usually responsible for epidemics in developing countries

Answer 25

in N. meningitidis , **serogroup A** is usually responsible for epidemics in developing countries

Question 26

\_\_\_\_ is used for attachment by N. meningitidis to specific receptors on ____ of \_\_\_\_

Answer 26

**type 4 (IV) pili** is used for attachment by N. meningitidis to specific receptors on **non-ciliated epithelial cells** of **nasopharynx**

Question 27

the ____ on N. meningitidis function as ___ which enable invasion

Answer 27

the **outer membrane proteins (OMPs)** on N. meningitidis function as **afimbrial adhesins** which enable invasion

Question 28

the _____ in N. meningitidis enables iron acquisition

Answer 28

the **transferrin binding proteins (Tbp)** in N. meningitidis enables iron acquisition

Question 29

\_\_\_\_ is the major virulence factor of N. meningitidis

Answer 29

**lipoOLIGOsaccharide (LOS, NOT LPS)** is the major virulence factor of N. meningitidis

Question 30

what is a method of differentiating between N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhea?

Answer 30

N. meningitidis ferments maltose whereas N. gonorrhea does NOT ferment maltose

Question 31

in N. meningitidis, the release of ___ act as endotoxins

Answer 31

in N. meningitidis , the release of **membrane blebs** act as endotoxins

Question 32

the vaccine for N. meningitidis is based on serogroups ____ (4)

Answer 32

the vaccine for N. meningitidis is based on serogroups **A, C, W-135 and Y**

Question 33

CSF or blood samples of suspected N. meningitidis infection should be cultured on ____ or \_\_\_\_

Answer 33

CSF or blood samples of suspected N. meningitidis infection should be cultured on **chocolate agar** or **Thayer Martin + increased CO2**

Question 34

for skin or nasopharyngeal swabs in suspected N. meningitidis, they should be cultured on \_\_\_\_

Answer 34

for skin or nasopharyngeal swabs in suspected N. meningitidis , they should be cultured on **modified Thayer Martin agar**

Question 35

the ____ test can be used for N. meningitidis, where the color change to blue/purple indicates a positive result

Answer 35

the **oxidase test** can be used for N. meningitidis, where the color change to blue/purple indicates a positive result