UTI II

Question 1

which condition is characterized by “homogenous, adherent, thin, milky white, ‘fishy-smelling’“ discharge

Answer 1

bacterial vaginosis

Question 2

which condition is characterized by “thick, clumpy, white ‘cottage-cheese-consistency’“ discharge

Answer 2

Candidiasis

Question 3

which condition is characterized by “frothy, gray or yellow-green” discharge

Answer 3

Trichomoniasis

Question 4

list 2 risk factors for Candida infection

Answer 4

• disruption to microbiota
• changes in host immunity

Question 5

adhesins in Candida have ___-like sequence proteins, particular ___

Answer 5

adhesins in Candida have agglutinin-like sequence proteins, particular Als3

Question 6

Candida have ___ sensing and ____ which is directional ___ growth

Answer 6

Candida have contact sensing and thigmotropism which is directional hyphal growth

Question 7

part of the pathogenesis of Candida is its production of ____

Answer 7

part of the pathogenesis of Candida is its production of hydrolases (lipases, phospolipases, proteases)

Question 8

part of Candida’s pathogenesis is its ___ acquisition

Answer 8

part of Candida’s pathogenesis is its iron acquisition

Question 9

diagnosis of Candida is by culture on ___ and seeing ____

Answer 9

diagnosis of Candida is by culture on 10% KOH and seeing pseudohyphase and/or budding yeast (conidia)

Question 10

bacterial vaginosis occurs due to ____ and is (monomicrobial or polymicrobial?)

Answer 10

bacterial vaginosis occurs due to overgrowth of microbiota and is polymicrobial

Question 11

bacterial vaginosis occurs due to ___, often by ____

name 3 potential organisms

Answer 11

bacterial vaginosis occurs due to overgrowth of microbiota, often by anaerobes

-Haemophilus spp.

-Gardnerella vaginalis

-Bacteroides spp.

Question 12

the overgrowth of microbiota in bacterial vaginosis correlates with ____

Answer 12

the overgrowth of microbiota in bacterial vaginosis correlates with a decrease in/loss of protective lactobacilli

Question 13

polymicrobial bacterial vaginosis is facilitated by the production of ____ which enable adhesion and colonization

Answer 13

polymicrobial bacterial vaginosis is facilitated by the production of mucin-degrading enzymes which enable adhesion and colonization

Question 14

bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by using the ___ criteria

Answer 14

bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by using the Amsel criteria

Question 15

bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by a positive amine or ___ test

Answer 15

bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by a positive amine or whiff test

Question 16

bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by determining a pH > ____ and presence of ___ on wet mount

Answer 16

bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by determining a pH > 4.5 and presence of clue cells on wet mount

Question 17

clue cells are epithelial cells covered with _____

Answer 17

clue cells are epithelial cells covered with small G-ve/Gram-variable rods

Question 18

a less commonly used form of diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is ____ scoring

Answer 18

a less commonly used form of diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is Nugent’s scoring

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

____ is the only protozoan parasite that infects the genital tract

Answer 20

T. vaginalis is the only protozoan parasite that infects the genital tract

Question 21

T. vaginalis is a ___ trophozite and has 4 ___ plus ____ membrane

Answer 21

T. vaginalis is a flagellated trophozite and has 4 flagella plus undulating membrane

Question 22

T. vaginalis lacks ___ and therefore undergoes only ____ metabolism

Answer 22

T. vaginalis lacks mitochondria and therefore undergoes only anaerobic metabolism

Question 23

T. vaginalis undergoes conversion to ____ form from its normal ___ form

Answer 23

T. vaginalis undergoes conversion to amoebal form from its normal flagellated trophozoite form

Question 24

T. vaginalis in the amoebal form causes cell lysis in order to release ___ since the parasites can’t synthesize it

Answer 24

T. vaginalis in the amoebal form causes cell lysis in order to release lipids since the parasites can’t synthesize it

Question 25

T. vaginalis is able to evade the immune system by degrading ___ and ___ as well as producing ____ cytokines such as \_\_\_\_

Answer 25

T. vaginalis is able to evade the immune system by degrading **IgG** and **IgA**as well as producing **immuno-suppressive** cytokines such as **IL-10**

Question 26

T. vaginalis is cultured on ____ media which was previously the gold standard

Answer 26

T. vaginalis is cultured on **Diamond's** media which was previously the gold standard

Question 27

\_\_\_ is added to the Diamond's media in order to look for \_\_\_\_

Answer 27

**10% KOH** is added to the Diamond's media in order to look for **motile trophozoites**

Question 28

\_\_\_ is now the gold standard of diagnosing T. vaginalis

Answer 28

**nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)** is now the gold standard of diagnosing T. vaginalis

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

Neisseria gonorrhea is a (G+ve/G-ve?) diplococci

Answer 30

Neisseria gonorrhea is a **G-ve** diplococci

Question 31

what is the shape of N. gonorrhea?

Answer 31

diplococci, aka "coffee bean" shape

Question 32

N. gonorrhoeae have specialized ____ that mediate its attachment to mucosal surfaces

Answer 32

N. gonorrhoeae have specialized **antigenically variable pili** that mediate its attachment to mucosal surfaces. These surface-associated pili vary continually so that an effective immune response cannot be mounted. This is the reason why individuals can be repeatedly infected.

Question 33

describe N. gonorrhea infection in men vs. women

Answer 33

men: acute, symptomatic urethritis women: asymptomatic cervicitis

Question 34

in men, N. gonorrhea undergoes \_\_\_\_-mediated attachment and invasion of ___ cells which triggers the release of \_\_\_\_

Answer 34

in men, N. gonorrhea undergoes **pilus**-mediated attachment and invasion of **urethral** cells which triggers the release of **pro-inflammatory mediators**

Question 35

in women, N. gonorrhea attach via ___ and then come in contact with ____ proteins

Answer 35

in women, N. gonorrhea attach via **pilus** and then come in contact with **cervical complement** proteins

Question 36

in women, ____ rapidly binds to bacterial surface of N. gonorrhea but is inactivated to ___ by \_\_\_\_

Answer 36

in women, **C3b** rapidly binds to bacterial surface of N. gonorrhea but is inactivated to **iC3b** by **fH (Factor H)**

Question 37

\_\_\_\_ that now coats the bacterial surface, binds to ____ receptor present on cervical cells which ultimately leads to NO \_\_\_\_

Answer 37

**iC3b** that now coats the bacterial surface, binds to **CR3** receptor present on cervical cells which ultimately leads to **NO release of pro-inflammatory cytokines**

Question 38

summarize the pathogenesis of N. gonorrhea in men vs. women

Answer 38

Question 39

describe the role of LOS in virulence and pathogenesis in N. gonorrhea

Answer 39

Question 40

the LOS seen in N. gonorrhea is distinguished from LPS by the absence of \_\_\_\_

Answer 40

the LOS seen in N. gonorrhea is distinguished from LPS by the absence of **repeating O-antigen subunits**

Question 41

the LOS of N. gonorrhea contributes to virulence by damaging _____ cells via release of \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

the LOS of N. gonorrhea contributes to virulence by damaging **mucosal cells** via release of **release of damaging enzymes (proteases)**

Question 42

the LOS in N. gonorrhea triggers ____ production which causes further ____ influx

Answer 42

the LOS in N. gonorrhea triggers **cytokine production** which causes further **PMN** influx (cytokine release and inflammation)

Question 43

for women, N. gonorrhea is cultured on ____ agar with \_\_\_\_

Answer 43

for women, N. gonorrhea is cultured on **modified Thayer-Martin** agar with **CO2 (capneic)**

Question 44

the diagnosis of N. gonorrhea infection in males is by \_\_\_\_

Answer 44

the diagnosis of N. gonorrhea infection in males is by **Gram staining of pus smear** (can't do this in females because normal flora of vaginal tract can give false readings)

Question 45

N. gonorrhea carry conjugative plasmid that encodes ____ which is a \_\_\_\_

Answer 45

N. gonorrhea carry conjugative plasmid that encodes **TEM-1** which is a **penicillinase**

Question 46

summarize the differences between. N. gonorrhea and N. meningitidis

Answer 46

Question 47

Answer 47