Nervous System W5 Flashcards
1
Q
Two Parts of CNS
A
Central Nervous System
- The spinal cord: Send motor commands from brain to body, send sensory info from the body to the brain, coordinate reflexes.
- The brain: Controls thought, memory, touch, motor skills, breathing, temperature and every other bodily process.
2
Q
Two parts of PNS
A
Caries sensory information from body to CNS vis sensory nerves
Carries motor information from CNS to body via motor nerves
3
Q
Two parts of Motor (efferent) Division
A
(1) Somatic nervous system
- Controls voluntary activities via signals from CNS to skeletal muscles
(2) Autonomic nervous system
- Controls involuntary activities
4
Q
Two Parts of Autonomic Nervous System
A
(1) Parasympathetic nervous system - - prepares the body for rest and repair by returning body to homeostasis after threat has been subsided
(2) Sympathetic nervous system
- prepares for flight or fight response when body is under stress.
Both act via Reflexes
5
Q
The Brain Stem
A
- Relay Centre (connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord)
- Controls Autonomic Functions eg breathing, heart rate, body temp etc
- Where 10/12 cranial nerves originate
6
Q
Thalamus
A
Relays sensory information from the body to other areas of the brain
7
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- Master control of autonomic System - Controls behaviours such as hunger, thirst,sleep and sexual response
- Regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, and secretion of hormones.
8
Q
Limbic System
A
- Controls Emotional Behaivours
9
Q
Structures of the Limbic System
A
- Thalamus,
- Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
10
Q
Thalamus in Limbic System
A
Sensory Gateway
11
Q
Hypothalamus in Limbic System
A
Regulates Emotions
(fear, sexual drive and aggression we feel)
12
Q
Amygdala in Limbic System
A
Rage or aggression
13
Q
Hippocampus in Limbic System
A
Memories
Limbic system help connect those memories to the emotion experiences when the memories form
14
Q
Cerebrum
A
Cerebral Cortex
- Grey Matter (Nerve cell bodies)
- White Matter (Nerve fibres)
- Conscious Mind
15
Q
Conscious Mind in Cerebral Cortex
A
- Aware of ourselves and our sensation
- Communicate
- Remember
- Understand
- Initiate Voluntary movements
16
Q
Cerebellum
A
- coordinate muscle movements and balance
17
Q
Gyrus
A
Elevated Ridges
18
Q
Sulcus and Fissures
A
Shallow deep grooves that determine boundary of lobes
19
Q
Central Sulcus
A
Divides frontal/parietal lobes
20
Q
Lateral Sulcus
A
Divides frontal/temporal/parietal lobes
21
Q
Longitudinal Fissure
A
Separates hemispheres into left and right
22
Q
Cerebral Lobes
A
- Parietal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
23
Q
Parietal lobe
A
- Processing somatosensory input (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception (sense position and movement of our body and limbs in space))
- Integrates visual and auditory inputs - spatial awareness
(informing us about objects in our external environment)
24
Q
Frontal Lobe
A
- Movement Control
- Problem solving, reasoning, planning
- Personality, behaviour, emotions
- Language production and articulation
(Defining us as who we - decision making, planning, problem solving and reasoning)
25
Temporal Lobe
- Hearing
- Language Comprehension
- Memory (formation and retention)
- Contains Wernickes area so responsible for language comprehension and understanding
(Receives and processes auditory information from the ears)
26
Occipital Lobe
- Visual Processing
- Visual Memories
- Visual Perception (special information)
(Processing and interpreting vision allowing us to detect and recognise colour, light, objects and movement)
(Enables us to form visual memories)
27
Cerebral Cortex functional Areas
- Motor areas
- Sensory areas
- Association areas.
28
Motor Areas
- Located in the frontal lobe
- Control/Regulate voluntary movements
29
Sensory Areas
- Found in the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
- Process Sensory inputs for Perception
(Receive and process sensory information from the external environment or the body itself)
30
Association Areas
- Integrates inputs from various sources for understanding and meaning
(Responsible for integrating and interpreting information received from sensory inputs, combining it with memories, emotions, and thoughts)
31
3 Parts of Motor Areas
- Primary Motor Cortex
- Premotor Cortex
- Brocas Area
32
Primary Motor Cortex
Relays motor command via chain of motor neurons to skeletal muscles for voluntary movement
- Motor homunculus (Map) - somatotopic organisation
Map (Specific regions of the cortex are responsible for motor control of specific areas of the body)
33
Premotor Cortex
- Stores Repetitious movements
- Movements activated or guided by sensory input
(eg brake pedal when see red light)
34
Brocas Area
- Language Processing and speech production
35
Sensory Areas: Somatic Sensations
- Primary somatosensory cortex
- Somatosensory association cortex
36
Primary somatosensory cortex
- Processes touch, temperature, pain, proprioception sensory information
- Sensory Homunculus
37
Somatosensory association cortex
- Integrates and analyses different somatosensory inputs into understanding area
38
Sensory Areas: Hearing
Temporal Lobe
- Primary Auditory Cortex (Processes auditory information)
- Auditory Association Area (Interprets sounds and associated auditory input with other sensory information
- Wernickes Area (Comprehension of written and spoken language)
39
Sensory Areas: Vision
Occipital Lobe
- Primary Visual Cortex (Receives visual information that originates from the retina in the eyes- Right side of retina sees left and vis versa)
- Visual Association Area (interpretation of light stimuli based on past experiences - how we recognise people)
40
divisions of the NS
41
What is A and what is its function?
Frontal lobe
movement control, problem solving, personality, language production and articulation
42
What is B and what is its function?
parietal lobe
process somatosensory input (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception)
integrates visual and auditory inputs— spatial awareness
43
What is C and what is its function?
occipital lobe
visual processing, memories, perception ( special information)
44
What is D and what is its function?
cerebellum
balance + coordination
45
What is E and what is its function?
spinal cord
receives sensory information from body to brain
receives motor information from brain to body
46
What is F and what is its function?
brain stem
vital function eg. HR/RR
47
What is G and what is its function?
temporal lobe
hearing
48
Ventral roots
- Contain motor neurons that originate in the anterior horn of the spinal cord's gray matter and carry motor signals away from the CNS to muscles and glands throughout the body.
49
Dorsal Roots
- Dorsal roots contain sensory neurons with their cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion (a swelling of the dorsal root). These neurons transmit sensory signals from receptors in the body (such as skin, muscles, and organs; related to touch, temperature, pain and proprioception) and send them to the CNS.
50
White Matter in Spinal Cord
- Consists of bundles of neuronal axons that extend up and down its length.
- Allows messages (action potentials) to pass between different areas of grey matter within
the central nervous system.
- Can be divided into pairs of dorsal columns (towards the back), ventral columns (towards the front) and lateral columns (towards the side).
51
Gray Matter in Spinal Cord
- Made up of cell bodies, axon terminals (endings) and dendrites of neurons.
- Functions to receive information and regulate outgoing information.
- Divided into a dorsal horn (situated dorsal/posterior), ventral horn (situated ventral/anterior) and lateral horn (situated lateral).
52
Function of dorsal horn
- Contains cell bodies of interneurons that relay sensory input related to touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the body
53
Function of ventral horn
- Contains cell bodies of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscle to control voluntary skeletal muscle movements and regulate certain involuntary muscle activities.
54
Function of lateral horn
- Contains cell bodies of preganglionic neurons that contribute to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system that regulate functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and visceral organ
55
Neuronal pathways - Descending pathways
Carries motor information from BRAIN TO BODY.
56
Neuronal pathways - Ascending pathways
sensory information from the peripheral nerves is transmitted to the cerebral cortex
57
Sensory receptors
- Specialized to respond to changes in their environment, which are called stimuli
58
Sensation
- Awareness of the stimulus
- Occur in Brain
59
Perception
- Interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus
- Occur in Brain
60
Mechanoreceptors
- Respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch
61
Thermoreceptors
- Respond to temperature changes.
62
Chemoreceptors
- Respond to chemicals in solution (molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry)
63
Nociceptors
- Pain receptors
- Respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain.
64
Photoreceptors
- Such as retina in the eye
- Respond to light
65
Receptive Field
- Peripheral Area which if stimulated leads to activity in the neuron
- Smaller receptive fields greater the ability for our brains to accurately localise a stimulus site
66
Neurotransmitters produced in Sympathetic
- norepinephrine captured by adrenergic receptors
67
What is A?
Thalamus
68
Neurotransmitters produced in Parasympathetic
- ACh (acetylcholine) captured by muscarinic receptors
69
What is B?
Midbrain
70
Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs- Arise from brain (2) or brainstem (10)
- olfactory nerve
- optic nerve
- oculomotor nerve
- trochlear nerve
- trigeminal nerve
- abducens
- facial nerve
- vestibulocochlear nerve
- glossopharyngeal nerve
- the accessory nerve
- vagus nerve
- the hypoglossal nerve.
71
What is C?
Pons
72
Olfactory Nerve
- SMELL
- Related with the sense of smell
- Receptors lie in the mucosa of the nasal cavity
- Sensory fibres synapse in the olfactory bulb
- Doesn't enter Brain Stem
73
What is D?
Medulla oblongata
74
Optic Nerve
VISION
- Related to vision and arises from the recpetors in retina and transmits visual signals to the brain
- Fibres arise from the retina of the eye to form the optic nerve
- The optic nerves converge to form the optic chiasma where fibres partially cross over, continuing on as optic tracts into the thalamus and synapse there.
75
What is E?
Spinal cord
76
Oculomotor Nerve
PUPIL CONSTRICTION/ OPENS EYELIDS
- Eye Mover
- Nerve supplies four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit
- Contains parasympathetic fibres that innervate the circular muscles around the pupil that dilate or constrict to control light entering the eye, and two ciliary muscles which control the shape of the lens for visual focusing.
77
What is F?
Brain stem
78
Trochlear nerve
MOVES EYE DOWN AND INWARDS
- Only cranial nerve that arises from the dorsal aspect of the midbrain
- Pulley, and it innervates the extrinsic muscle of the eye that loops through the pulley system ligaments of the orbit
- This nerve carries motor fibres to and proprioceptor fibres from one of the extrinsic eye muscles
79
Trigeminal nerve
SENSATION TO FACE/ MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
- Largest of the cranial nerves
- Three branches:
ophthalmic, the maxillary, and the mandibular
- It supplies sensory fibres from the face carrying information about touch, temperature, and pain receptors, and motor fibres that innervate the chewing muscles.
80
Abducens Nerve
LATERAL EYE MOVEMENT
- Moves eyeball laterally (side to side)
- Has efferent fibres and supplies lateral rectus muscles that turns the eyeball laterally or side to side.
81
Facial Nerve
SUPPLIES MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION/ TASTE (ANTERIOR 2/3 OF TOUNGE)/ CLOSES EYELIDS
- Supplies the muscles of the face
- Has sensory fibres for facial and taste sensations.
- Has parasympathetic fibres that innervate various glands, including the lacrimal or the tear ducts, nasal and palatine glands, and the salivary glands.
82
Vestibulocochlear nerve
HEARING; BALANCE
- Sensory nerve for hearing and balance has also been called the auditory nerve
- Sensory fibres from the hearing receptors in the cochlea and the equilibrium receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibule converts to form vestibulocochlear nerve.
83
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
SENSTAION + TASTE TO POSTERIOR 1/3 TOUNGE / POSTERIOR PHARYNX
- Mixed type of nerve that innervates part of the tongue and the pharynx that has both sensory and motor fibres and parasympathetic as well
- Motor fibres to and sensory fibres from the pharynx control swallowing movements
- Sensory fibres conduct taste and general sensory impulses from both the tongue and the pharynx
- Sensory signals from the chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies which monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
- Baroreceptors which monitor blood pressure.
84
Vagus nerve
PARASYMPATHETIC SUPPLY TO EYE, HEART, GUT, LUNGS AND LARYNX
- Emerges from the medulla
- Only nerve to extend beyond the head and neck to the thorax and the abdomen
- Both afferent and efferent fibres, but most of them are afferent fibres that carry sensory information from different organs
- Has parasympathetic effect on many organs like the heart, lung, and gastrointestinal system.
85
Accessory nerve
SUPPLIES STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID ( ROTATES HEAD) AND TRAPEZIUS (LIFTS SHOULDERS)
- Contains a mixture of nerves that primarily stimulate the two large neck muscles which together move the head and neck
- Carries proprioceptor and motor signals from the same neck muscles.
86
Hypoglossal nerve
CONTROLS MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
- Passes below the tongue
- Supplies motor fibres to most of the muscles of the tongue
- Controls muscles of the tongue (chewing, speech, swallowing)
87
What is A?
Primary motor cortex
88
What is B?
Primary somatosensory cortex
89
What is C?
Somatosensory association area
90
What is D?
Wernikes area
91
What is E?
Primary visual cortex
92
What is F?
Visual association area
93
What is G?
Primary auditory cortex
94
What is H?
Auditory association area
95
What is I?
Brocas area
96
What is J?
Premotor cortex
97
What is A?
Optic nerve
98
What is B?
Trigeminal nerve
99
What is C?
Facial nerve
100
What is D?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
101
What is E?
Vagus nerve
102
What is F?
Spinal accessory nerve
103
What is G?
Hypoglossal nerve
104
What is H?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
105
What is I?
Abducens nerve
106
What is J?
Trochlear nerve
107
What is K?
Oculomotor nerve
108
What is L?
Olfactory nerve
109
What is A?
Cervical nerves
110
What is B?
Thoracic nerves
111
What is C?
Lumbar nerves
112
What is D?
Sacral nerves
113
What is E?
Coccygeal nerves
114
What is A?
Cerebrum
115
What is B?
Cerebellum
116
What is C?
Spinal cord
117
What is D?
Medulla oblongata
118
What is E?
Pons
119
What is F?
Midbrain
120
What is G?
Hypothalamus
121
What is H?
Thalamus
122
What is I?
Brainstem
123
What is A?
Pre central gyrus
124
What is B?
Central sulcus
125
What is C?
Post central gyrus
126
What is D?
Lateral sulcus
127
What is E?
Superior temporal gyrus
128
What is F?
Transverse cerebral fissure
129
What is G?
Fissure = a deep sulcus
130
What is H?
Gyrus
131
What is I ?
Cortex (grey matter)
132
What is J?
Sulcus
133
What is K?
White matter
134
What pathway?
Corticobular pathway
135
What pathway?
Corticospinal pathway
136
What is A? (PNS)
Cranial nerves
137
What is B? (PNS)
Spinal nerves
138
What is C? (PNS)
Ganglia
139
What is A? (CNS)
Brain
140
What is B? (CNS)
Spinal cord
141
What is A?
Dorsal root
142
What is B?
Dorsal root ganglion
143
What is C?
Spinal nerve
144
What is D?
Ventral root
145
What is A?
Dorsal horn
146
What is A?
Dorsal horn
147
What is B ?
Dorsal column
148
What is C?
Dorsal root
149
What is D?
Dorsal root ganglion
150
What is E?
Lateral column
151
What is F?
Ventral root
152
What is G?
Ventral column
153
What is H?
Ventral horn
154
What is I?
Lateral horn
155
What is I?
Lateral horn
156
What is A?
Somatic
157
What is B?
Parasympathetic
158
What is C?
Sympathetic
159
What is A?
Spinal cord within spinal canal
160
What is B?
Nerve root
161
What is C?
Intervertebral disc
162
Major Anatomical Differences Between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nervous system
1. Points Of Origin
- Sympathetic: lumbar and thoracic regions of spinal column
- Parasympathetic: brain and the sacrum
2. Position Of Ganglia
- Sympathetic:
i. Short preganglionic neurons
ii. Long postganglionic neurons
- Parasympathetic:
i. Long preganglionic neurons
ii. Short postganglionic neurons
163
Major Chemical Differences Between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons:
- Produce norepinephrine captured by adrenergic freceptors
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons:
- Produce acetylcholine (ACh) captured by muscarinic receptors
164
Anatomical comparison of Branches (SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC)
Somatic: Only have a single neuron
Autonomic (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic): Two separate neurons --> Preganglionic + postganglionic
165
Neurotransmitter + receptor comparison of Branches (SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC)
Somatic: nicotinic receptor that captures acetylcholine
Autonomic NS =
- Sympathetic NS = Produce norepinephrine captured by adrenergic freceptors
- Parasympathetic NS = Produce acetylcholine (ACh) captured by muscarinic receptors
166
5 components of the reflex arc
(1) Receptor: which is the site of the stimulus action
(2) Sensory neuron: which transmits the afferent impulses to the spinal cord and the brain
(3) Integration centre: this is always within the CNS, particularly within the spinal cord
- Monosynaptic: single synapse between the sensory neuron and a motor neuron - In simple reflex arcs
- Polysynaptic: involves multiple synapses with chains of interneurons - In complex reflex arcs
(4) Motor neuron: conducts efferent impulses from the integration centre to an efferent organ, usually a muscle organ.
(5) Effector: the muscle fibre or gland cell that responds to the different impulses in an expected way. Could be contracting or secreting
