Respiratory system Flashcards

Question

Inhalation

Answer 1

Diaphragm flattens and intercostal muscles contract moving ribcage up and out Visceral pleura is pulled outward increasing thoracic volume and decreasing intrathoracic pressure Air is sucked into the lungs

Answer 2

1. Pulmonary Ventilation (Respiratory System) - inspiration, and expiration 2. External Respiration (Respiratory System) - O2 diffuses from the lungs to the blood - CO2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs 3. Transport of Respiratory Gases (Cardiovascular System) - CV system transports gases using blood. - O2 is transported from lungs to tIssue - CO2 is transported from tissue to lungs 4. Internal Respiration (Cardiovascular System) - O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells - CO2 diffuses from the tissue cells to blood

Answer 3

Moves air into and out of the lungs Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus

Answer 4

Moves the respiratory gases in and out of the blood Bronchioles, alveoli

Answer 5

Oxygen flows from the alveoli into the blood Carbon dioxide flows from the blood into the alveoli

Answer 6

- made up of alveolar epithelial cells, and the pulmonary capillary endothelial cell. - The membrane has a large, thin and permeable surface. - Gas particles can be exchanged quickly, and in large volumes

Answer 7

- Allow for rapid gas diffusion between the air and blood - Major cell type on alveolar surface (95% Surface Area covered)

Answer 8

Repair the alveolar epithelium when squamous cells are damaged - To secrete pulmonary surfactant - Outnumber the alveolar cells - Covers about 5% of the surface area

Answer 9

- Clearing up debris through phagocytosis - Most abundant

Answer 10

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

Answer 11

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration

Answer 12

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration

Answer 13

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

Answer 14

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort VC= TV+IRV+ERV

Answer 15

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration IC=TV+IRV

Answer 16

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration FRC=ERV+RV

Answer 17

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Answer 18

Gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath

Answer 19

The Amount Of Air which can be forcefully exhaled in 1 second. Normally about 75% of FVC. FEV1/FVC

Answer 20

The total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute 𝑀𝑉(𝑚𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡h𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 𝑇𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 DOES NOT ACCOUNT FOR DEAD SPACE

Answer 21

Flow of gases into and out of the alveoli (gas exchange areas) in one minute accounts for dead space AVR units in mL/min 𝐴𝑉𝑅 = 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡h𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 × (𝑇𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 − 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)

Answer 22

Inspired air that does not contribute to gas exchange in the alveoli, lost in travel (approximately 150 mL)

Answer 23

Obstructive lung disease is caused by a narrowing of pulmonary airways leading to increased resistance to air flow. Can make it harder to exhale all the air in the lungs - Significant decrease FEV1 - TLC, FRC, RV, FVC may increase

Answer 24

Restrictive lung disease is characterised by increased stiffness and limited expansion of the lungs - Small decrease in FEV1 - Significant fall (decline) in Forced Vital Capacity, Residual Volume, Functional Residual Capacity, TLC. - FEV1/FVC ratio can be higher than normal

Answer 25

Rapid, deep breathing pushes reaction to the LEFT by “blowing off ” CO2 (CO2 decreases), causing pH to increase (BASIC) (hydrogen ions decreasing) CO2 (expired) + H2O ← H2CO3 ← HCO3- + H+

Answer 26

Rapid, shallow breathing pushes reaction to the RIGHT by allowing CO2 to accumulate in the blood, causing pH to decrease (ACIDIC) (hydrogen ions increasing) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+

Answer 27

- the pressure that a particular gas exerts in a gas mixture - caused by the impact of molecules against each other or against surrounding surfaces. - Gases move from higher pressures to lower Pressure allowing gases to move from one fluid compartment into another throughout the body.

Answer 28

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

Answer 29

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 30

Tidal volume

Answer 31

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 32

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 33

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Answer 34

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Answer 35

Vital capacity (VC)

Answer 36

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 37

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 38

Detect chemical changes in the blood (specifically carbon dioxide, pH and oxygen)

Answer 39

- Located throughout the brainstem and the medulla (medulla oblongata) Detects: - Decrease in pH (increase in hydrogen ions) - Increase in carbon dioxide Signals - Increases respiration - Increases oxygen intake - Decreases carbon dioxide expiration

Answer 40

- Located in carotid and aortic body Detects: - Decrease in pH (increase in hydrogen ions) - Increase in carbon dioxide - Decrease in oxygen Signals: (Medullary centres) - Respiration increases

Answer 41

- (98.5%) Loosely bound to haemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs [Bound to the heme part of haemoglobin]. - (1.5%) Dissolved in plasma

Answer 42

Bright Red Haemoglobin saturated with oxygen 𝐻𝐻𝑏 + 𝑂2↔𝐻𝑏𝑂2 + 𝐻+

Answer 43

Purplish Blue Unsaturated 𝐻𝐻𝑏 + 𝑂2↔𝐻𝑏𝑂2 + 𝐻+

Answer 44

- Y-Axis: How much oxygen is bound to haemoglobin - X-Axis: Relative amount (partial pressure) dissolved in fluid surrounding haemoglobin

Answer 45

- An Increase in body temperature. (Binding affinity for oxygen decreases, promoting the release of oxygen) (Occurs in cells) - An increase in carbon dioxide - An decrease in pH (Increase in hydrogen ions) - Increased pCO2 (partial pressure) levels - Decreased Tissue pO2 Results in an Increase of oxygen release, and decrease in haemoglobin saturation.

Answer 46

- Decrease in body temperature - Decrease in carbon dioxide levels - Increase in pH levels - Decreased pCO2 (partial pressure) levels - Increased tissue pO2 levels Results in an decrease of oxygen release, and increase in haemoglobin saturation

Answer 47

1. (7-10%) Dissolved in the plasma 2. (20%) Binds to haemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻𝑏 ⟷𝐻𝑏𝐶𝑂2 - Reaction is rapid and does not require a catalyst - Carbon dioxide does not compete with oxyhemoglobin transport as it binds to the amino acids of globin rather than the heme 3. (70%) transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma

Respiratory system Flashcards

(71 cards)