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MEDA-110 and -115 > Nervous: Vocabulary > Flashcards

Nervous: Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain
Functions: thinking (thought), speech, sensations (vision, taste, hearing), movements (muscle activity), memory

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2
Q

thalamus

A

main relay center of the brain that conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum
Function(s): triage center for incoming sensory impulses to the cerebrum; controls awareness and consciousness

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3
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain beneath the thalalmus
Function(s): controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, emotions; controls pituitary gland

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4
Q

cerebellum

A

Function(s) coordination of voluntary movements and balance

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5
Q

pons and midbrain

A

Function(s): connection of nerve and nerve fiber pathways including those to the eyes and face

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6
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain just above the spinal cord
Function(s): nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart , blood vessels (vasomotor), and respiratory system

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7
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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8
Q

afferent nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)

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9
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the 3 membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

astrocyte

A

type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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11
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

nerves that control involuntary body functions of the muscles, glands and internal organs

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12
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

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13
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protective separation between the blood and brain cells

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14
Q

brainstem

A

posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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15
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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16
Q

cell body

A

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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17
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

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19
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum containing sheets of nerve cells; gray mater of the brain

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20
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)

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22
Q

dendrite

A

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

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23
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

efferent nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.

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25
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

ganglion (plural: ganglia)

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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27
Q

glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses and can reproduce themselves

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28
Q

gyrus (plural: gyri)

A

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

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29
Q

meninges

A

3 protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system

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31
Q

midbrain

A

uppermost portion of the brainstem

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32
Q

motor nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

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33
Q

myelin sheath

A

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell and speeds impulse conduction along axons

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34
Q

nerve

A

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses

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35
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system

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36
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell that can stimulate or inhibit another nerve, muscle or gland cell

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37
Q

oligodendroglial cell

A

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons; oligondendrocyte

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38
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the GI tract

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39
Q

parenchyma

A

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system

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40
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord including cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves

41
Q

pia mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

42
Q

plexus (plural: plexuses)

A

large, interlacing network of nerves; examples lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial

43
Q

pons

A

part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the brain that acts as a bridge connecting various parts of the brain

44
Q

receptor

A

organ that receives nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves; examples skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds

45
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.

46
Q

sciatica

A

pain or inflammation along the course of the sciatic nerve

47
Q

sensory nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve

48
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

49
Q

stimulus (plural: stimuli)

A

agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure and pain) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response

50
Q

stroma

A

connective and supporting tissue of an organ

51
Q

sulcus (plural: sulci)

A

depression or groove in the survace of the cerebral cortex; fissure

52
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

53
Q

synapse

A

space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells

54
Q

vagus nerve

A

10th cranial nerve that branches out to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach

55
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

56
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain

57
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts

58
Q

alzheimer’s

A

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration, personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning

59
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem; lou gehrig’s

60
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

61
Q

tonic-clonic seizures

A

sudden loss of consciousness, falling down, and then tonic contractions (muscle stiffening) followed by clonic contractions (twitching and jerking limb movements); grand mal, ictal events

62
Q

aura

A

peculiar sensation such as dizziness, numbness, visual, or olfactory disturbances

63
Q

absence seizures

A

momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of the person’s surroundings; petit mal seizures in kids

64
Q

temporal lob epilepsy

A

seizures beginning in the temporal lobe

65
Q

complex partial seizure

A

causes a pause, then confusion, and memory problems; generalized impaired consciousness

66
Q

huntington disease

A

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

67
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue

68
Q

masthenia gravis (MG)

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles due antibodies blocking acetylcholine from transmitting nervous impulses from nerve to muscle cell

69
Q

palsy

A

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)

70
Q

cerebral palsy

A

partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period

71
Q

bells palsy

A

paralysis on one side of the face

72
Q

parkinson disease

A

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia due to dopamine deficiency, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement

73
Q

tourette syndrome

A

involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds or inappropriate words

74
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves and resulting in blisters and pain

75
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges caused by bacteria or virus; leptomeningitis

76
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS

77
Q

brain tumor

A

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges; gliomas, meningiomas

78
Q

cerebral edema

A

brain swelling

79
Q

cerebral concussion

A

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head

80
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head

81
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke;
thrombotic (thrombus) - artheromatous plaque that occludes
embolic (embolus) - dislodged thrombus that travels to cerebral arteries
hemorrhagic - blood vessel breaks and bleeds

82
Q

aneurysm

A

weakened area in a vessel wall that balloons and may eventually burst

83
Q

migraine

A

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache

84
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

short period of neurologic dysfunction due to a partial arterial blockage which precedes a stroke

85
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells)

86
Q

dopamine

A

CNS neurotransmitter

87
Q

gait

A

manner of walking

88
Q

ictal event

A

pertaining to a sudden, acute onset (seizures)

89
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

90
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms but not curing them

91
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland which produces lymphocytes; treatment for myasthenia gravis

92
Q

tic

A

involuntary movement of a small group of muscles (face

93
Q

cerebral angiography

A

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material in the femoral artery

94
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells

95
Q

doppler ultrasound studies

A

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries

96
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

recording of the electrical activity of the brain

97
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

CSF is withdrawn from between 2 lumbar vertebrae for analysis; spinal tap

98
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain

MEDA-110 and -115 (27 decks)

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