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Neuroanatomy 1 > Neural Development (Quiz 4) > Flashcards

Neural Development (Quiz 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Human development is divisible into 2 primary periods. What are they?

A

1) pre-natal (before birth)
2) postnatal (after birth)

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2
Q

Development of the NS begins in the embryonic period (at the time of fertilization when the union of a spermatozoon and an oocyte form a zygote) and extends into the….

A

post-natal period

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3
Q

A zygote is unicellular with 2 sets of chromosomes- paternal 46 ___ and maternal 46 ____

A

XX, XY

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4
Q

By 36 hours, the zygote divides into 2 cells, then has rounds of cleavage divisions forming an embryo- ______ then blastocyst over 6 days

A

morula

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5
Q

What are blastomeres?

A

identical cells

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6
Q

What are blastocysts?

A

its the cell/embryo that implants into uterus

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7
Q

Secondary oocytes have not completed meiosis 2 due to a protective mechanism. The secondary oocyte will only complete meiosis 2 when it penetrates sperm. Where was sperm made?

A

seminiferous tubules of the testes

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8
Q

define morula

A

solid ball of cells

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9
Q

define blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells with an inner cell mass that becomes embryo and everything else becomes extra-embryonic tissue

there is a blastocele cavity and trophoblast cells (outer layer)

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10
Q

ICM becomes….

A

bilaminar disc

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11
Q

What does gastrulation start with?

A

primitive streak

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12
Q

What does gastrulation end with?

A

trilaminar disc

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13
Q

What are the primary germ layers and when were they formed?

A

formed during gastrulation
-endoderm
-mesoderm
-ectoderm

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14
Q

What is the internal germ layer?

A

endoderm

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15
Q

What does endoderm form?

A

lining of gut and other internal organs (basically anything visceral)

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16
Q

What is the external germ layer?

A

ectoderm

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17
Q

What does ectoderm form?

A

-skin
-brain
-NS

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18
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

-muscle
-skeletal system
-circulatory system

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19
Q

The NS begins to form in the 3rd week of development. The first evidence of the developing NS is a thickening of the ectoderm of the trilaminar embryo, the _____________. Its a thickening of a longitudinal band of ectoderm in response to chemicals from the underlying midline mesoderm

A

neural plate

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20
Q

The neural plate begins to fold medially forming a….

A

neural groove

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21
Q

Either side of the neural groove are the _______________. As the neural groove deepens, the folds start to fuse, the initial join is at the location of the future cervical spinal cord

A

neural folds

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22
Q

Put structures in order from 1st to appear to last:
-neural tube
-neural groove
-neural fold
-neural plate
-cranial neuropore
-caudal neuropore

A

1) neural plate
2) neural groove
3) neural fold
4) neural tube
5) cranial neuropore
6) caudal neuropore

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23
Q

Which structure is this?
-thickening of ectoderm between primitive node and oropharyngeal membrane

A

neural plate

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24
Q

Which structure is this?
-neural folds join in the midline to form this structure and fusion of the folds proceeds cranially and caudally, eventually leaving a cranial and caudal neuropore (open ends)
-it separates from surface ectoderm to lie between it and the notochord
-the cranial part forms the brain and the caudal portion forms the spinal cord
-the lumen forms the central canal of spinal cord and ventricular system of the brain

A

neural tube

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25
Q

Which structure forms the lamina terminalis?

A

cranial neuropore (its also the first structure to close!)

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26
Q

Neurulation is the process of formation of the hollow neural tube by folding the epithelial neural plate. Neurulation in humans occurs in 2 distinct phases. What are they?

A

1) primary neurulation during weeks 3/4 of gestation leading to the development of the brain and spinal cord
2) secondary neurulation during weeks 5/6, with formation of the lower sacral and coccygeal cord with the help of the neural crest cells

defects of either of these can lead to abnormalities and usually miscarriages

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27
Q

Fusion of the neural folds forms the….

A

neural tube

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28
Q

Fusion proceeds cranially and caudally. By the end of the 4th week the tube is closed, a process called __________________. The close neural tube pulls away from the overlying ectoderm. A cluster of cells forms from the crest of each neural fold and fills the gap between the neural tube and ectoderm. This is the __________.

A

primary neurulation, neural crest

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29
Q

Neural crest cells will develop into the….

A

PNS

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30
Q

The formed neural tube develops into the..

A

CNS

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31
Q

The neural tube hole in the middle will form the….

A

ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord

32
Q

What is A?

A

neural crest

33
Q

What is B?

A

neural tube

34
Q

What is C?

A

ectoderm

35
Q

What is D?

A

mesoderm

36
Q

What is E?

A

notochord

37
Q

The notochord releases ______

A

transcription factors

38
Q

The pattern of development and differentiation among the cells of the neural tube becomes visible during the 4th week when a long groove forms in the lateral wall. This is the _____________. It defines dorsal and ventral

A

sulcus limitans

39
Q

The gray matter dorsally forms the…

A

alar plate

40
Q

The gray matter ventrally forms the…

A

basal plate

41
Q

As the neural tube is closing (cranial and caudal) a bulge begins to form at the rostral end, this will form the future brain. At the end of the 4th week, 3 bulges can be seen along the tube. The bulges are referred to as primary vesicles. What are the 3 primary vesicles from cranial to caudal?

A

1) proencephalon
2) mesencephalon
3) rhombencephalon

42
Q

The primary vesicles are not along a straight line, flexures bend the tube. What are the 2 flexures?

test q

A

1) cranial flexure (between rhombencephalon and future spinal cord)
2) cephalic or mesencephalic flexure (at the level of the midbrain)

43
Q

Where is the cervical flexure located?

test q

A

between the rhombencephalon and future spinal cord

44
Q

Where is the cephalic or mesencephalic flexure?

test q

A

at the level of the midbrain

45
Q

The 3 primary vesicles form 5 secondary vesicles. What are they?

**need to know them in order!!!

A

1) telencephalon
2) diencephalon
3) mesencephalon
4) metencephalon
5) myelencephalon

46
Q

The prosencephalon gives rise to the…

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

47
Q

The telencephalon becomes the….

A

cerebral hemispheres

48
Q

The diencephalon becomes the….

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-neural retina

49
Q

The mesencephalon remains one vesicle undivided and develops into the…

A

midbrain

50
Q

The rhombencephalon forms the…

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

51
Q

The metencephalon becomes the…

A

pons and cerebellum

52
Q

The myelencephalon becomes the…

A

medulla oblongata

53
Q

Where does the pons start to form?

A

at the pontine flexure

54
Q

Where does pontine flexure form?

A

between the metencephalon and myelencephalon

55
Q

As the pontine flexure develops, the neural tube laterally widens and flattens forming a diamond shaped cavity called __________________. A thin membrane covers the top forming the 4th ventricle. The alar and basal plates are now the floor of the 4th ventricle. The alar plate is sensory and lateral while the basal plates are motor and medial

A

rhombencephalon

56
Q

What is the essential landmark for dorsal vs ventral?

A

sulcus limitans

57
Q

The telencephalon grows and expands much quicker than other areas. 2 large swellings form connected at the midline by a ___________________. This will be the future location for the corpus callosum which is a massive bundle of commissural fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres

A

lamina terminalis

58
Q

The basal region of the forming telencephalon thickens and forms the primordia of the future….

A

basal nuclei (gray matter)

59
Q

The telencephalon folds along the lateral sides of the developing diencephalon, this area overlying the future thalamus forms the ___________. The forming cortex adjoining this structure expands covering it

A

insula

60
Q

As the telencephalon is forming and expanding, the diencephalon is thickening and moving ________

A

medially

61
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus form separated by the ________________________

A

hypothalamic sulcus

62
Q

As the rostral neuropore closes, a diverticulum the optic vesicle appears, everything caudal to the optic vesicle is diencephalon. The optic vesicle will become ______________. The cavity of the diencephalon forms the __________________

A

future retina, 3rd ventricle

63
Q

The caudal end of the neural tube, which is after the 4th pair of somites, develops to form the ______________. Cells on the dorsal side form the alar plate, which subsequently becomes the dorsal horn. Cells at the ventral end form the basal plate, which then becomes the ventral horn

A

spinal cord

64
Q

What is the last part of the neural tube to close?

A

caudal neuropore

65
Q

What happens if the neural tube doesn’t close properly/fully?

A

spina bifida

most commonly occurs in caudal end and lumbar region

66
Q

Early development of the spinal cord is influenced by the maternal dietary requirement for ________ for closure of the neural tube

A

folate

67
Q

The neural tube gets thicker and the neural canal becomes thin, forming the….

A

central canal

68
Q

The epithelial cells forming the neural tube differentiate into ____________ which give rise to neurons and glia. Astroblasts and oligodendroblasts are formed

A

neuroblast

69
Q

Later development of the spinal cord requires the contribution of neural crest associating with the cord to form the….

A

DRG and ventral sympathetic ganglia

70
Q

The _________ roots become myelinated before the ________ roots

A

motor, sensory

71
Q

What will the neural crest form?

test q- know at least 2 of them

A

-entire PNS
-sensory of autonomic ganglia
-schwann cells (myelinates axons in PNS)
-adrenal medulla
-cutaneous pigment cells

they may also move into the head and form:
-bones of the skull
-smooth muscle of pharyngeal arches
-lens of eyes
-anterior pituitary gland
-ganglia of CN V, VII, IX, and X (afferent)

72
Q

Where does neurulation start in embryo?

A

in the center

73
Q

___________ has 2 main embryo regions. The head is at CNS level and differentiates slightly earlier at the mesencephalic region of neural folds. The body is at the spinal cord level at the lateral edges of the fused neural tube

A

Neural crest

74
Q

Cranial placodes are specialized regions of the ectoderm, which give rise to the various sensory ganglia and contribute to the pituitary gland and sensory organs of the vertebrate head. Basically cranial placodes is ectoderm with….

A

neural crest

75
Q

The olfactory placodes will become….

A

olfactory epithelium

76
Q

The DRG, autonomic ganglia, and the adrenal medulla originate from the cells of the….

A

neural crest

77
Q

T/F: transcription factors help make neural crest cells

A

true

Neuroanatomy 1 (22 decks)

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