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SHIT we don't know BOARDS edition > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

How does a visual defect present if there’s a lesion in the Right PCA/occiput?

A

Left Homonymous Hemianopia

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2
Q

How does a visual defect present if there’s a lesion in the Left Temporal region /MCA

A

Right upper quadrantanopia

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3
Q

How does a visual defect present if there’s a lesion in the Right Parietal region /MCA

A

Left lower quadrantanopia

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4
Q

What is the afferent limb of the cough reflex?

A

the internal laryngeal n. (travels through the piriform recess)

the internal laryngeal n. is a branch of the superior laryngeal n. which is a part of the vagus nerve

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5
Q

What and where are Ruffini corpuscles

A

location: finger tips, joints

used for stretch and joint angle changes

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6
Q

alpha-synuclein production in Parkinsons drive what kind of problems?

A

NON-MOTOR problems (autonomic dysfunction- constipation, vascular sympathetic nerves- orthostatic hypotension)

because the motor problems (bradykinesia, cogweel rigidity, shuffling gate etc.) is driven by the loss of dopamine

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7
Q

What are the two main substances that get stuck in the brain in Alzheimer’s

A

beta-amyloid plaques (excess beta amyloid from insoluble fibrils that accumulate into extracellular amyloid plaques)

AND

neurofibrillary tangles (aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein form intracellular tangled clumps)

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8
Q

How will “Dementia from Lewy Bodies” patients presetn

A 
Lewy bodies (alpha-synuclein protein aggregation) are present.
Pt will have fluctuating cognitive impairment, dysautonomia, parkinsonism, and visual hallucinations.
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9
Q

Pathogenesis of MS

A

autoimmune dz of oligodendrocytes, CD4 cells are activated by myelin basic protein!

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10
Q

Pathogenesis of MS

A

autoimmune dz of oligodendrocytes, CD4 cells are activated by myelin basic protein!

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11
Q

MCC of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

MCC of subdural hematoma?

MCC of epidural hematoma?

A

anterior communicating artery aneurysm that bursts

hemorrhage of bridging veins

tearing of the middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

What is the problem in Open angle glaucoma?

A

decreased outflow of aqueous humor or increased production

(from uveitis ,RBCs, retinal detachment) all can cause blockages

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13
Q

Which artery services Wernickes and Brocas area

A

MCA

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14
Q

1st pharyngeal arch derivatives:
nerves
muscles
cartilage

A

nerves-> CNV3, chewing

muscles-> 
mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids), 
mylohyoid, 
tensor tympani, 
anterior 2/3 of tongue, 
tensor veli palatini, 
anterior belly of digastric
cartilage->
maxillary process (maxilla, zygomatic bone)
mandibular process (meckel cartilage, mandible, malleus and incus, sphenomandibular ligament)
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15
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch derivatives:
nerves
muscles
cartilage

A

nerves-> CNVII, facial expression

muscles->
muscles of facial expression,
stapedius,
stylohyoid,
platysma,
posterior belly of digastric
catilage->
Reichert cartilage (stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament)
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16
Q

3rd pharyngeal arch derivatives:
nerves
muscles
cartilage

A

nerves-> CNIX, swallow stylishly

muscles->
stylopharyngeus

cartilage->
greater horn of hyoid

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17
Q 
Alzheimer disease: altered proteins:
Change in neurotransmitters:
What does brain look like?
What type of plaques and tangles?
What bodies do we see?
A

ApoE-2 Dec. risk of sporadic form
ApoE-4 Inc. risk of sporadic form
App, presenilin 1 and 2.
Dec. ACh
Widespread cortical atrophy especially hippocampus. , narrowing of gyri and widening of sulci.
Senile plaques w/ B amyloid core.
Neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular hyperphosphorylted tau proteins.) # of tangles correlates with severity
Hirano bodies in hippocampus (intracellular eosinophilic proteinaceous rods)

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18
Q

What are tangles and which diseases have them

A

Neurofibrillary tangles are hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins. Found in Alzheimers and Pick’s

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19
Q

Symptoms of central retinal artery occlusion

A

unilateral painless acute vision loss in patients >40 with thromboembolic risk factors (ex. HTN). Retinal whitening and cherry red macula.

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20
Q

Meniere disease triad

A
  1. recurrent vertigo
  2. ear fullness/pain
  3. unilateral hearing loss and tinnitus

caused by increase pressure and volume of endolymph in the inner ear

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21
Q

BPPV features

A

brief episodes brought on by head movement
no auditory symptoms

caused by otoliths in semicircular canals

22
Q

Vestibular neuritis (labyrinthitis) features

A

single episode of severe vertigo that can last for days,
termed labyrinthitis when associated with unilateral hearing loss

caused by inflammation of vestibular nerve (viral or postviral)

23
Q

Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma of CN VIII) features

A

sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus
symptoms will be persistent and progressive rather than episodic

caused by a mass lesion (schwannoma) at the cerebellopontine angle

24
Q

Otosclerosis features

A

conductive hearing loss, no vertigo, mainly in middle aged people

caused by sclerosis of ossicles particularly bony overgrowths of the footplate of the stapes

25
Q

What is the most common cause of a transtentorial herniation of the uncus?

A

Lesions in the temporal lobe!

Symptoms: ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy with a fixed dilated pupil due to preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fiber damage

26
Q

What are the symptoms of an uncal herniation?

A

This kind of herniation will compress the cerebral peduncles, resulting in corticospinal tract injury with contralateral hemiparesis.
Patients will have hyporeflexia and flaccid paralysis

27
Q

When is nystagmus present?

A

lesions to the pons, medulla, or cerebellum due to disruption of vestibular pathways

28
Q

When does an upward gaze palsy occur?

A

Anything that causes compression of the dorsal midbrain (superior colliculus, pretectal area); usually occurs due to hydrocephalus and dilation of the third ventricle

29
Q

What is the most common cause of a transtentorial herniation of the uncus?

A

Lesions in the temporal lobe!

Symptoms: ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy with a fixed dilated pupil due to preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fiber damage

30
Q

What are the symptoms of an uncal herniation?

A

This kind of herniation will compress the cerebral peduncles, resulting in corticospinal tract injury with contralateral hemiparesis.
Patients will have hyporeflexia and flaccid paralysis

31
Q

When is nystagmus present?

A

lesions to the pons, medulla, or cerebellum due to disruption of vestibular pathways

32
Q

When does an upward gaze palsy occur?

A

Anything that causes compression of the dorsal midbrain (superior colliculus, pretectal area); usually occurs due to hydrocephalus and dilation of the third ventricle

33
Q

What does equilibrium potential mean?

A

Equilibrium potentials of cellular ions reflect how they affect the membrane potential if the membrane were permeable solely for that ion.

34
Q

Non-REM stage 1 (N1) Features

A

EEG- theta waves (4-7.9 Hz)

characteristics- easy to wake; wakefulness-sleep transition

35
Q

Non-REM stage 2 (N2) Features

A

EEG- theta waves (4-7.9 Hz) and K complexes and sleep spindles
characteristics- largest percentage of sleep

36
Q

Non-REM stage 3 (N3) Features

A

EEG- delta waves (<4 Hz)

characteristics- prominent 1st half of night, difficult to wake, sleepwalking and night terrors

37
Q

REM Features

A

EEG- resembles wakefulness, occasional sawtooth waves
characteristics- prominent 2nd half of night, dreams, REMs, muscle atonia, REM sleep behavior disorder and nightmare disorder

38
Q

Difference between premotor cortex and primary motor cortex

A

premotor cortex- selection of motor plans for voluntary movements
motor cortex- actually executes the voluntary movements

39
Q

Why would someone have decreased perception of flavors after a traumatic brain injury?

A

The perception of flavor is dependent on both smell and taste, with SMELL being more important. Patients with anosmia often describe difficulties with taste, even if taste sensation is intact.

40
Q

What is semantic memory? What part of the brain is impaired if there is a loss in semantic memory

A

Semantic memory refers to memory made from general knowledge (words, pictures, objects). This information is stored in the anterior temporal lobe.

41
Q

What provides taste to the tongue?

What provides sensation to the tongue?

A

Taste-
anterior 2/3rd is from facial nerve via chorda tympani
posterior 1/3rd is from glossopharyngeal nerve

Sensation-
anterior 2/3rd is from lingual nerve (branch of V3)
posterior 1/3rd is from glossopharyngeal nerve

42
Q

what does a Myasthenic crisis look like

A

Patient will be in hypoxic respiratory failure and will be hypercapnic, indicating global hypoventilation. Patient will also have ptosis, bulbar weakness and low forced vital capacity.

43
Q

Features of Myasthenia Gravis

A

Characterizd by autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction, resulting in receptor degradation.

Muscle weakness worsens with repetition as Ach stores within the presynaptic nerve terminal get progressively depleted.

Tx: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (pyridostigimine, neostigmine)

44
Q

Draw out direct/indirect basal ganglia pathway

A

hehe!

pg 516

45
Q

Draw out circle of willis

A

pg 519

46
Q

Epidural hematoma
what vessel affected
classic presentation

A

middle meningeal artery

Lucid interval after traumatic event then rapid deterioration

47
Q

presentation for congenital toxoplasmosis

A

chorioretinitis
hydrocephalus
diffuse intracrainial calcifications

48
Q

What occurs as a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage and how do you treat it

A

Vasospasm occurs due to blood breakdown or rebleed 3-10 days after event - nimodipide (ca) prevents vasospasm

49
Q

What gets demyelinated in Guillan barre

A

Endoneurium (innermost layer of connective tissue around nerve)

50
Q

which toxins bind to Na channels inhibiting influx and preventing action potential conduction

A

Tetrodotoxin (puffer fish)

Saxitoxin (dinoflagellates in “red tide”)

51
Q

which toxins bind to Na channels, keeping it open and causing persistent depolarization

A

Ciguatoxin (exotic fish, Moray eel)

Batrachotoxin (South American frogs)

SHIT we don't know BOARDS edition (20 decks)

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