Repro

Question 1

Mesoderm derivatives:

Answer 1

Muscle, bone, connective tissue, serous linings of body cavities, spleen, Cardiovasculature structures, lymph, blood, wall of gut tube, uper2/3 of vag, kidneys, adrenal cortex, dermis, testes, ovaries, microglia, dura, tracheal cartilage

Question 2

Neural crest derivatives:

Answer 2

ELMO PASSES:
Enterochromaffin cells
Leptomeninges
Melanocytes
Odontoblasts
PNS Ganglia
Adrenal medulla
Schwann cells
Spiral membrane
Endocardial cushion 
Skull bones

Question 3

Turner Syndrome symptoms

Answer 3

X-linked recessive, 
XO, 
wide webbed neck, 
streak ovaries, 
primary amenorrhea, 
congenital heart disease (coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid mitral valve), horseshoe kidney, 
cystic hygroma, 
short stature
hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

Question 4

layers of spermatic cord

Answer 4

ICE
TIE
Internal spermatic fascia Transversalis fascia
Cremasteric muscle/fascia Internal oblique
external spermatic fascia External oblique

Question 5

Indirect vs direct hernia

Age difference, covered by which layers

Answer 5

INdirect is in INfants and young men. goes thru internal inguinal ring and external ring - thus covered by all 3 layers

Direct is in older men due to weak transversalis fascia. Goes thru only external ring.

Question 6

what cells form the blood-testis barrier

Answer 6

sertoli cells

Question 7

where does prostate cancer metastasize

Answer 7

bone! causes osteoblastic mets

Question 8

example of metaplasia that carries no risk for cancer?

Example of hyperplasia that carries no risk for cancer?

Answer 8

Apocrine metaplasia of breast

BPH

Question 9

fetal hydantoin syndrome

what is it? and why does it happen?

Answer 9

Occurs as a side-effect of phenytoin use during pregnancy

baby is born with microcephaly, cleft lip and palate, cardiac defects, and hypoplasia of nails and phalanges

Question 10

In the abdomen where is the IVC and abdominal aorta (which one is on the patient’s right vs left?)

Answer 10

IVC is on the right

AA is on the left

Question 11

What kind of anal fissure is due to constipation with high anal pressures and passage of hard stools?

Answer 11

anal fissures are longitudinal tears in the anal canal distal to the dentate line.

posterior midline are the most common type

if the fissure is not midline but lateral, more likely due to unusual causes (IBD, malignancy, infection)

Question 12

What is actually the problem in Klinefelter?

Answer 12

Extra X chromosome -
leydig cells and Seminiferous tubules containing sertoli cells become fibrotic/damaged
. Less inhibin B being secreted from sertoli – INC FSH
Less testosterone production from leydig cells bc they are bad. – INC LH
high gonadotropin levels lead to inc. aromatase so whatever testosterone they are producing it gets converted to estrogen

Question 13

2nd aortic arch derivative

3rd aortic arch derivative

Answer 13

Second is Stapedial and hyoid

common carotid and proximal internal carotid
C is the 3rd letter of alph. :-)

Question 14

Epididymitis is caused by

Answer 14

N. gonorrhoeae.

This causes acute scrotal oain that is relieved with manual elevation of the testicle

Question 15

Presentation of testicular torsion

Answer 15

Pathogenesis: twisting of spermatic cord, venous congestion, necrosis of testis

Features: N/V, testicular, inguinal, scrotal pain, elevated and horizontally positioned testicle, absent cremasteric reflex

tx: immediate surgical detorsion