Neuro 2

Question 1

define meningitis

Answer 1

inflammation of meninges

Question 2

define meningomyelitis

Answer 2

inflammation of meninges and brain

Question 3

define meningomyelitis

Answer 3

inflammation of meninges and spinal cord

Question 4

name a general cause of meningitis, meningoencephalitis, or meningomyelitis

Answer 4

bacteria (also, virus, parasite esp protozoa, fungi, idiopathic)

Question 5

neonates under 5 days old what is most common bacterial cause of meningitis

Answer 5

E. coli

Question 6

define bacteremia

Answer 6

presence of bacteria in blood

Question 7

define septicemia

Answer 7

presence and multiplication of bacteria in blood

Question 8

define sepsis

Answer 8

wide body inflammatory response to septicemia

Question 9

what is a common risk factor for neonatal septicemia

Answer 9

failure of passive transfer

Question 10

what is most common age for neonatal septicemia

Answer 10

under 3 days

Question 11

name 2 portals of entry for septicemia in animals under 3 days, 2 portals of entry for those 1-4 weeks, and 1 portal of entry for those 3 months to adult

Answer 11

intrauterine, GI; umbilical, castration, ear notching; respiratory

Question 12

name 5 places bacteria from blood commonly seeds out in neonatal septicemia

Answer 12

filtration organs (liver, lung, spleen’s kidney), joints, growth plates, urea of eye, meninges

Question 13

where to look for bacterial meningitis? what to look for?

Answer 13

ventral aspect of brain, see cloudiness

Question 14

in who and how do vertebral body abscesses occur? most common location? what do you cal it intervertebral disks and adjacent bodies are involved?

Answer 14

young production animals, secondary to tail docking in lambs or tails biting in pigs, get septicemia, hematogenous seeding. most commonly by heart and kidney. discospondylitis.

Question 15

this neural tube closure defect is common in English bulldog and Manx cat

Answer 15

spina bifida

Question 16

what may happen following spina bifida? where does spina bifida affect?

Answer 16

secondary spinal cord infection can occur. this is a neural tube closure defect that affects the caudal spine

Question 17

in spina bifida, we can have herniation of meninges alone,herniation of both meninges and spinal cord, or no herniation (absence of skin, but muscel still present). terms?

Answer 17

meningocele, meningomyelocele, spina bifida occulta

Question 18

what is hydromyelia? what cells are damaged and what is the effect of this cell damage?

Answer 18

abnormal dilation of spinal cord. due to damage to ependymal cells. CSF flow is disrupted so pressure increases, tissue gets compressed and lost. (myelia=condition of spinal cord; hydro bs there is CSF fluid)

Question 19

what is syringomyelia?

Answer 19

tubular aviation of spinal cord that extends over several segments. [due to trauma during development causing anomalous vascularization, then later infection. don’t have to know, but helps differ from hydromyelia]

Question 20

name for Wobbler’s? who does it affect? what is it?

Answer 20

cervical stenotic myopathy. young rapidly growing large breed horses and dogs (Great Dane, Doberman pinscher), males more often. narrowing of vertebral canal (different reasons_ causes compression and Wallerian degeneration of spinal cord

Question 21

how many Wobbler’s/cervical stenotic myopathy syndromes are in horses? explain them?

Answer 21

dynamic stenosis, 8-18 months, C3-C5, narrowing of canal and C/S during neck flexion only. static stenosis horses 1-4 years, C5-C7, always show C/S [this is the type that is in dogs]

Question 22

how many Wobbler’s/cervical stenotic myopathy syndromes are in dogs? explain them?

Answer 22

static stenosis of Great Danes and Doberman pinschers.

Question 23

where and in what direction does intervertebral disc disease occur in the spinal cord? what is effect on spinal cord?

Answer 23

dorsal rupture at thoracolumbar junction most commonly. compression of spinal cord and Wallerian degeneration

Question 24

compare Hansen type I herniation and Hansen type II herniation for intervertebral disc disease. which is sudden? which breeds of dogs? which is more severe?

Answer 24

Hansen type I is sudden rupture, often from jumping, more severe, chondrodystrophic breeds like dachshund. Hansen type II is gradual degeneration of disc, leading to bulging, and is in older dogs non-chondrodystrophic breeds

Question 25

name 2 pathologies that involve Wallerian degeneration

Answer 25

cervical stenotic myelopathy (narrowing of vertebral canal) and intervertebral disc disease (spinal cord is compressed)

Question 26

this age-related condition of spinal cord is most common in German shepherds and involves atrophy of caudal axial and appendicular musculature

Answer 26

degenerative radiculomyelopathy of dogs

Question 27

this age-related spinal cord condition in dogs is a form of osseous metaplasia in the dura and is incidental usually

Answer 27

dural ossification

Question 28

ischemic myelopathy or fibrocatilaginous emboli are most common in who? often associated with what activity/event?

Answer 28

large breed dogs, exercise or trauma

Question 29

pathogenesis ischemic myelopathy

Answer 29

herniation of fibrocartilage from intervertebral disc into vasculature, leading to infarction of spinal cord

Question 29

pathogenesis ischemic myelopathy

Answer 29

herniation of fibrocartilage from intervertebral disc into vasculature, leading to infarction of spinal cord

Question 30

copper deficiency in lambs and kids can cause what clinical signs

Answer 30

poor wool or hair and pigmentation, osteoporosis

Question 31

copper deficiency in lambs and kids can cause what 2 forms. which species is each more common in?

Answer 31

congenital (swayback) affects cerebrum, brainstem, spinal cord. more common in lambs than goats. enzootic ataxia affects only brainstem and spinal cord. affects kids more than lambs.

Question 32

you have a nutritional-related lesion. is it bilaterally symmetric? what about toxic lesion?

Answer 32

yes x2

Question 32

equine motor neuron disease affects who? clinical signs?

Answer 32

older adult horses. progressive weakness and atrophy of skeletal muscles (see discoloration, especially in medial head triceps brachia and vests intermediates). AND pigmentary retinopathy (affects the EYES).

Question 33

what is equine motor neuron disease caused by

Answer 33

degeneration of lower motor neurone in ventral horns spinal cord and brainstem nuclei

Question 34

what is EMND associated with (something about food)

Answer 34

vitamin E deficiency

Question 35

equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy affects who? pathogenesis? history sign?

Answer 35

young zebras and horses esp. Arabians. uncertain, but genetic component is possible and somehow relates to vitamin E deficiency [as does EMND]. see demyelination of white matter spinal cord funiculi and brainstem. no ocular lesions [unlike EMND]

Question 36

equine protocol myeloencephalitis is caused by what? most common in who? shed in feces of what definitive host?

Answer 36

Sarcosystic neurona. young adult horsies. opossum

Question 37

equine protozoal myeloencephalitis affects what part of CNS?

Answer 37

any part of it, but most common in spinal cord. white and gray matter is affected and there will be protozoal cysts in the tissues, ew.

Question 38

this is important! the only herpesvirus of CNS to know, equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy, causes what 3 major syndromes?

Answer 38

abortion and neonatal death, rhiinopneumonitis, and myeloencephalitis. these outbreaks can occur together

Question 39

myeloencephalitis, one of the syndromes in EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy, affects who? how?

Answer 39

adult horses inhale virus which goes into lymphocytes and macrophages. can become latent in lNs of trigeminal nerves. endotheliotropic not neurotropic. goes into CNS by leukocyte trafficking

Question 40

what does EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy cause in the CNS

Answer 40

vasculitis which leads to infarction.