Neuro Anatomy and Review

Question 1

what is the meaning of the prefix, encephalo-

Answer 1

brain

Question 2

what is the meaning of the prefix, myelo-

Answer 2

spinal cord

Question 3

what is the meaning of the prefix, meningo-

Answer 3

meninges

Question 4

what is the meaning of the prefix, neuro-

Answer 4

nerve

Question 5

what is the meaning of the prefix, spondylo-

Answer 5

vertebra

Question 6

what is the meaning of the prefix, Leuko-

Answer 6

white matter

Question 7

what is the meaning of the prefix, polio-

Answer 7

gray matter

Question 8

what is the meaning of the suffix, -itis

Answer 8

inflammation

Question 9

what is the meaning of the suffix, -opathy

Answer 9

disease, degeneration, or condition

Question 10

what is the meaning of the suffix, -malacia

Answer 10

softening or necrosis

Question 11

where is gray matter in brain, inside or outside

Answer 11

generally outside (opposite to spinal cord), but gets mixed as you move caudally

Question 12

where is gray matter in spinal cord, inside or outside

Answer 12

inside (opposite of brain)

Question 13

embryologically, CNS originates from ______ (area) while PNS originates from __________ (area)

Answer 13

CNS from neural plate, PNS from neural plate transition zone

Question 14

during development of CNS, _______ undergoes concave invagination to form _______; this structure closed to form the _______ and the opening within this is termed the _________

Answer 14

during development of the CNS, neural plate undergoes concave invagination to form early neural tube; this structure closes to form the neural tube and the opening within this is termed the neurocele

Question 15

name the outer, middle, and inner layers of the meninges. which are considered leptomeninges?

Answer 15

dura mater (outer), arachnoid (middle), pia mater (inner). arachnid and Pia are leptomeninges

Question 16

when you remove the brain, does the dura adhere to the brain or remain with the cranium

Answer 16

remain with the cranium

Question 17

between which two structures is the subarachnoid space? what flows within this space?

Answer 17

between arachnoid and Pia mater is subarachnoid space which contains CSF

Question 18

where do we inject drugs in the CNS

Answer 18

epidermal space (above the dura, along the spinal cord)

Question 19

when you remove the spinal cord, does the dura adhere to the spinal cord

Answer 19

yes (unlike when you remove the brain, dura is adhered to cranium)

Question 20

where do we collect CSF from

Answer 20

subarachnoid space

Question 21

which nervous system cells myelinate axons within the CNS and will proliferate in response too neuron damage

Answer 21

oligodendrocytes

Question 22

nervous system cells myelinate axons within the PNS

Answer 22

Schwann cells

Question 23

which nervous system cells are most numerous in the CNS and are important for regulation, repair, and support, and have foot processes that end on blood vessels to form BBB

Answer 23

astrocytes

Question 24

what are 5 cell types in brain and spinal cord

Answer 24

neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes microglia, ependymal cells

Question 25

what is the equivalent of the CNS meninges, in the PNS

Answer 25

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium,

Question 26

what cells of the nervous system are involved in immunosurveillance, regulation, and phagocytosis

Answer 26

microglia

Question 27

what nervous system cells include ependymal cells and choroid plexus

Answer 27

ependyma

Question 28

what structure prevents free movement fo substances from blood into CSF or brain/spinal cord

Answer 28

BBB blood brain barrier

Question 29

name 4 general ways which pathogens can enter CNS, and give an example of each portal of entry

Answer 29

hematogenous (sepsis, TME, tumor metastasis). direct extension (penetrating trauma, ear disease, nasal or sinus disease, bone disease). leukocyte trafficking (pathogens within macrophages or lymphocytes, retroviruses like FIV, fungi like Blastomyces dermatitis). retrograde axonal transport (viruses like rabies and herpes, bacteria like Listeria, toxins like tetanus, prions).

Question 29

name 4 general ways which pathogens can enter CNS, and give an example of each portal of entry

Answer 29

hematogenous (sepsis, TME, tumor metastasis). direct extension (penetrating trauma, ear disease, nasal or sinus disease, bone disease). leukocyte trafficking (pathogens within macrophages or lymphocytes, retroviruses like FIV, fungi like Blastomyces dermatitis). retrograde axonal transport (viruses like rabies and herpes, bacteria like Listeria, toxins like tetanus, prions).

Question 30

how do you sample the CNS at necropsy

Answer 30

put entire brain or spinal cord in formalin. exception to 10:10:10 rule. but still keep some frozen

Question 31

what are 3 divisions of PNS

Answer 31

sensorimotor division, autonomic division, enteric division

Question 32

what are the 2 plexuses of enteric division of PNS (helpful to know these to understand dysautonomias)

Answer 32

myenteric plexus and sub mucous plexus

Question 33

during development of PNS, the ______ (embryological zone) becomes _______ which later forms the _______

Answer 33

neural plate transition zone, neural crest, spinal ganglion