NEURO 222 Cerebral Palsy & Autism

Question 1

What are the 4 domains of development?

Answer 1

Gross motor, fine motor and vision, speech language and hearing, social emotional and behavioural

Question 2

What age should a child be able to sit without support with a rounded back?

Answer 2

6 months

Question 3

What age should a child be able to sit up with a straight back?

Answer 3

8 months

Question 4

What age should a child start crawling?

Answer 4

8-9 months

Question 5

What ages should a child be unsteadily walking?

Answer 5

1 year

Question 6

What age should a child be able to transfer an object between their hands?

Answer 6

6 months

Question 7

What age should a child be able to scribble?

Answer 7

14 months

Question 8

What age should a child be able to draw a circle?

Answer 8

3 years

Question 9

What age should a child start vocalising?

Answer 9

3 months

Question 10

What age should a child be able to put together 2-3 words?

Answer 10

1 year

Question 11

What age should a child be able to make simple phrases?

Answer 11

20-24 months

Question 12

What age should a child smile responsively?

Answer 12

6 weeks

Question 13

What age should a child be able to wave and play peek-a-boo?

Answer 13

10 months

Question 14

What age should a child have symbolic play?

Answer 14

18 months

Question 15

What age should a child interactively play?

Answer 15

3 years

Question 16

What are red fags in child development?

Answer 16

discordances amongst domains, visual or hearing impairment, abnormal head growth, absence of social smile by 8 weeks, not walking unaided by 18months and no obvious method of communication by 18months

Question 17

What may be causes of impaired development?

Answer 17

physical/psychological needs not met
ill health
developmental disorder
neurological disease
genetic
sensory impairment

Question 18

What is cerebral palsy (CP)?

Answer 18

A persistent but not unchanging group of disorders of movement and posture due to a non-progressive lesion in the developing brain causing activity limitation

Question 19

What are the classifications of CP?

Answer 19

Spastic

Dyskinetic and Ataxic

Question 20

Describe spastic CP

Answer 20

increased tone, hyperreflexia and pyramidal signs due to lack of inhibition - velocity dependent increases in resistance to passive stretch
Can be bilateral or unilateral

Question 21

Describe dyskinetic CP

Answer 21

Can be dystonic of choreoathetotic due to damage to the extrapyramidal system = damage to basal ganglia and motor tracts that modulate anterior horn cells

Question 22

What is dystonic CP?

Answer 22

Under classification of dyskinetic CP and is abnormal sustained contraction of agonists and antagonists resulting in abnormal posture in whichever muscle group is strongest

Question 23

What is choreoathetotic CP?

Answer 23

involunated uncontrolled recurring movements with sustained primitive reflexes
under dyskinetic CP

Question 24

What does chorea mean?

Answer 24

Rapid high amplitude sudden involuntary movements

Question 25

What does athetosis mean?

Answer 25

Slow writing movements usually distal

Question 26

Describe ataxic CP

Answer 26

Due to cerebellum damage resulting in loss of orderly muscle coordination - movements performed with unnecessary force, rhythm and activity

Question 27

What are some associated symptoms of CP?

Answer 27

cognitive difficulties, vision, hearing, sensory, behavioural, psychological, epilepsy and sleep difficulties may also have feeding problems, dribbling, bladder and bowel problems due to motor dysfunction

Question 28

What are some pre-natal causes of CP?

Answer 28

IUGR, toxins/infections, congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities

Question 29

What are some perinatal causes of CP?

Answer 29

asphyxia and intra-ventricular haemmorhage

Question 30

What are some post-natal causes of CP?

Answer 30

Vascular diseases, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbances

Question 31

How may a child with CP present?

Answer 31

Delayed motor milestones and abnormal gait, early hand dominance less than a year old, persistence of primitive reflexes, feeding difficulties and irritability

Question 32

How do you manage CP?

Answer 32

maximize quality of life, improving independence and participation and everyday function

Question 33

What is an autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 33

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by difficulties in social communication and unusual, restrictive and repetitive behavior and interests. Variable presentation and it changes over time with varied intelligence

Question 34

What are some risk factors for ASD?

Answer 34

advanced maternal/paternal age, pregnancy complications

Question 35

What are some associations with ASD?

Answer 35

intellectual disability, ADHD, motor abnormalities, sleep disorder, anxiety, epilepsy, GI problems