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Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

benign tumour, affects children, surgery is curative

A

astrocytoma

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2
Q

brain tumour affecting the frontal lobe, 25-45 year olds, presenting with seizures

A

oligodendral tumours

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3
Q

what viruses target neurones

A

herpes, polio, rabies

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4
Q

how do viruses infect neurones

A

exploit retrograde transport in the axon

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5
Q

sensory fibres leave what horn

A

dorsal

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6
Q

motor fibres leave what horn

A

ventral

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7
Q

name the substrate and receptor involved in excitatory nerve impulses

A

glutamate, cation selective inotropic

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8
Q

name the substrates and receptor involved in inhibitory nerve impulses

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA, glycine, target post synaptic anion inotropics

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9
Q

when is glutamate inhibitory

A

when it acts on metatropic glutamate receptors

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10
Q

what cells line the ventricles

A

ependymal cells

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11
Q

what cells are the phagocytes of the NS

A

microglia

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12
Q

what cells produce myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendrites

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13
Q

what cells produce myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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14
Q

what cells maintain the BBB in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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15
Q

what is spatial summation

A

many neurones combine to reach threshold

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16
Q

inheritance pattern of DMD

A

x-linked recessive

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17
Q

inheritance pattern of Huntington

A

autosomal dominant

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18
Q

pathophysiology behind hunting tons

A

excess glutamine, CAG repeats = abnormal huntingtin gene

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19
Q

most common dementia

A

alxhiemers

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20
Q

molecular changes seen in alzheimers

A

cortical neurone loss, neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques

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21
Q

treatment of tics

A

clonidine, tetrabenzamine and CBT

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22
Q

CSF result in tuberculous meningitis

A

clear, lymphocytes, increased protein, decreased glucose

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23
Q

onset of MS

A

30-40 years

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24
Q

where is the problem in internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

medial longitudinal fasiculus

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25
describe CSf result in MS
clear, increased oligoclonal bands
26
treatment of MS fatigue
amantadine
27
treatment of MS exacerbation
symptomatic treatment, steroids: methylprednisolone 500mg OD
28
first line disease slowing drugs in MS
interferon beta
29
second line disease slowing drugs in MS
monoclonal antibodies
30
third line disease slowing drugs in MS
mitoxantrone (relapsing progressive)
31
first line drug for relapsing remitting
tecfedira
32
describe UMN lesions in MND
increased tone, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar response, spastic gait, increased jaw jerk, bradykinesia
33
describe LMN in MND
wasting, fatigue, fasciculations, absent/reduced reflexes
34
what is the most common type of MND
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
35
what features does ALS have
UMN and LMN
36
what features does primary lateral sclerosis have
only UMN
37
what disorders tend to precede parkinson
REM parasomnias
38
in what syndrome are antibodies produced against presynaptic calcium terminals
Lambert Eaton syndrome
39
what is the problem in myasthenia gravis
antibodies produced against acetylcholine receptors
40
how do you manage myasthenia gravis
give acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
41
release of what chemical produces aura in migraine
substance P
42
what can you give as migraine prophylaxis
propranolol, tropiramate, amitryptiline
43
what headaches come under trigeminal autonomic cephalgias
cluster, hemicranias, SUNCT
44
prophylactic treatment of cluster headaches
verapamil
45
general management of cluster headaches
sumatriptan, steroids
46
gold standard confirmation of SAH
angiography
47
csf appearance in SAH
xanthochromic
48
management of SAH
endovascular treatment or surgical clipping
49
explain cord transection
a complete lesion affecting all motor and sensory components
50
explain cord hemisection
ipsilateral motor and sensory loss (not pain and temp) and contralateral pain and temp loss
51
explain central cord syndrome
cape like sensory loss and distal upper limb weakness
52
extradural masses are typically
metastases
53
brain abcesses in the UK are typically caused by
staph
54
imaging of choice in brain abscesses
ct with contrast
55
management of brain abscess
drain. give ceftriaxone and metronidazole
56
management of gillian barre
immunoglobulin infusion/plasma exchange
57
management of generalised seizures
sodium valproate/lamotrigine
58
management of partial seizures
carbamazepine/lamotrigine
59
3 second spike and wave pattern on EEG
petit mal
60
what kind of stroke: - contralateral hemiparesis + sensory loss - lower limbs affected over upper
anterior cerebral
61
what kind of stroke: - contralateral hemiparesis + sensory loss - contralateral homonymous hemianopia - upper limbs affected over lower
middle cerebral
62
what kind of stroke: - contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing - visual agnosia
posterior cerebral
63
what kind of stroke: - ipsilateral facial pain and temperature loss - contralateral limb/torse pain and temperature loss - ataxia, nystagmus, vertigo and dysarthria
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (lateral medullary syndrome)
64
what kind of stroke: | - locked in syndrome
Basilar artery
65
what kind of stroke: - either: hemiparesis, hemisensory loss or hemiparesis with limb ataxia
lacunar stroke
66
what sites can lacunar stroke effect
basal ganglia, thalamus, internal capsule
67
name the pathogens of meningitis in the following age groups: 1. neonates 2. kids 3. 10-21 4. 21+
1. Listeria, E.Coli 2. H.Influezae 3. meningococcal 4. pneumococcal
68
treatment of bacterial meningitis
ceftriaxone IV 2g BD include amoxicillin if listeria cover needed. give IV dexamethasone 10mg QDS pen allergic: chloramphenicol
69
describe various CSF results 1. bacterial 2. viral 3. fungal
1. cloudy in colour, low in glucose, high in protein, polymorphs 2. clear/cloudy, 60-80% of plasma glucose, normal/raised protein, lymphocytes 3. cloudy/ fibrin web, low glucose, high protein, lymphocytes
70
what causes parkinson's
degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra
71
parkinsonism triad
bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity
72
treatment of parkinson's
young: ropinirole older: selegiline/cabergoline tremor and rigidity: procylidine

Finals (11 decks)

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