Year 2 Flashcards by Kathleen K McGee

most common glomerulonephritis in children, what is the physiological change?

minimal change

fusion of the podocytes

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most common glomerulonephritis in adults

focal segmental

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most common glomerulonephritis in the UK

membranous

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most common glomerulonephritis in the world

IgA (related to HSP)

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what glomerulonephritis has ANCA subtypes

rapidly progressive

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define nephrotic syndrome

oedema, proteinuria >3g/day, hypoalbuminaemia

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level 1 CKD

> 90ml/min

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level 2 CKD

60-90

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level 3a CKD

45-59

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level 3b CKD

30-44

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level 4 CKD

15-29

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most common renal stone

calcium oxalate

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what is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule

sugar, amino acids, phosphate, sulphur and lactate

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what is secreted at the proximal convoluted tubule

H+

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what is absorbed in the loop of henle

Sodium, chlorine (ascending part)

water (descending part)

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what is absorbed in the distal convoluted tubule

NaCL, Ca, Na, K

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uncomplicated UTI in F

trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin (3 days)

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uncatheterised male, UTI treatment

trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin (7 days)

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pregnancy UTI treatment

1st/2nd trimester - nitrofurantoin
3rd trimester - trimethoprim
All through pregnancy - cefalexin

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diagnosis of diabetes

symptomatic; fasting>7, random>11

asymptomatic; same criteria on two occasions

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screening test for acromegaly

IGF-1

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diagnostic test for acromegaly

oral glucose tolerance

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tests for addison

short synacthen, anti-21 hydroxyls, 9am cortisol

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blood results in conns

excess aldosterone, increased NaCl, decreased K

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test for adrenal hyperplasia

aldosterone to renin ratio | saline suppression test

test for cushings

low dose dexamethasone | 24h urinary cortisol

antibodies in hashimotos

anti-Tg

test for phaechromocytoma

urinary catecholamines, 131 iodine MIBG

pituitary hormones; anterior

GH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, FSH, LH

pituitary hormones; posterior

oxytocin, ADH

hypothalamic hormones; inhibiting

somatostatin, dopamine

hypothalamic hormones; releasing

GHRH, PRH, TRH, CRH, GnRH

rapid acting insulin

humalog, novorapid, apidra

short acting insulin

humulin S, Actarapid, Insuman

intermediate insulin

Insulatard, Humulin I, insuman

long acting insulin

lantus, levemir

diabetes drugs; weight loss

metformin, incretins, SGLT2

diabetes drugs; weight gain

sulphonylureas, TZDs

diabetes drugs; weight neutral

DDP4s

diabetes drugs; prevent macrovascular complications

TZDs

diabetes drugs; prevent microvascular complications

sulphonylureas

what conditions make up MEN 1, what gene is at fault

parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas | MEN1

what conditions make up MEN2a, what gene is at fault

thyroid, parathyroid and pheochromocytoma | RET oncogene

what conditions make up MEN2b, what gene is at fault

medullary thyroid, phaeochromocytoma

treatment of otitis media

amoxicillin/clarithromycin

treatment of otitis external

aural toilet/gentisone

audiograms; normal hearing

above 20dB

audiograms; sensorineural HL

both impaired

audiograms; conductive HL

air impaired

dizziness lasting seconds hours days

BPPV Menieres labyrinthitis/neuritis

how do you distinguish between episcleritis and scleritis

phenylephrine test

gradual vision loss

``` Cataracts ARMD Refractive error diabetic retinopathy inherited disorders glaucoma ```

describe 3rd nerve palsy

eye down and out pupil dilated and non responsive to light complete ptosis

describe 4th nerve palsy

vertical diplopia

describe 6th nerve palsy

LR palsy | eye turned in

nerve supply to arm; anterior

musculocutaneous

nerve supply to arm; posterior

radial

nerve supply to forearm; anterior

median, ulnar

nerve supply to forearm posterior

radial

nerve supply to thigh anterior

femoral

nerve supply to thigh posterior

tibial

nerve supply to thigh medial

obturator

nerve supply to leg anterior

deep fibular

nerve supply to leg posterior

tibial

nerve supply to leg lateral

superficial fibular

nerves at risk; humeral shaft fracture

radial

nerves at risk; anterior shoulder dislocation

axillary

nerves at risk; medial epicondyle break

ulnar

nerves at risk; anterior hip dislocation

obturator

nerves at risk; posterior hip dislocation

superior gluteal

breakage repair; humeral shaft

brace, ORIF, nail or p+s

breakage repair; hip intracapsular

hemiarthroplasty/THR

breakage repair; hip extra capsular

hip screw

breakage repair; femoral shaft

thomas splint, nail/ORIF

breakage repair; proximal tibia

p+s, external fixation

breakage repair; tibial shaft

above knee cast, internal/external fixation

breakage repair; distal radius

splint. manipulate, plaster case, wires, p+s

breakage repair; humeral neck

sling, internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty (elderly)

compound in gout

monosodium urate

compound in pseudo gout

calcium pyrophosphate

anti CCP

ANA

SLE

Anti-dsDNA

SLE

anti-SM

SLE

Anti-Ro

SLE/sjogrens

Anti-cardiolipin, lupus anticoagulant

anti-phospholipid syndrome

anti-centromere

limited systemic sclerosis

anti-scl70

diffuse systemic sclerosis

anti RNP

SLE MCTD

antiJo1

myositis

ANCA

small vessel vasculitis

what does the 5in1 contain

diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, Hib, polio

gross motor skills

``` 6w head vertical 6m rolls over 12m cruises 2y stairs with 2 feet 4y runs, hops ```

fine motor skills

``` 6w torch 6m palmar grasp 12m pincer grip 2y 6/7 blocks, circle 4y cross man ```

language skills

``` 6w voice 6m mono babbles 12m name 2y 50+ words, instructions 4y stories, count 20 ```

social skills

``` 6w smile 6m strangers 12m waves bye bye, drinks from cup 2y hat, shoes, symbolic play 4y dresses ```

vaccines for 2m

5 in 1, men b, PCV, rotavirus

vaccines for 3m

5 in 1, men c, rotavirus

vaccines for 4m

5 in 1, men b, PCV

vaccines for 1 y

Hib/men c, PCV, men b, MMR

vaccines for 2-11

flu, 5in1, MMR

outline the treatment for acne

1. benzyl peroxide/ topical retinoid 2. antibiotic 3. dianette 4. roaccutaine

outline the treatment for psoriasis

1. vit D analogue 2. coal tar 3. dithranol 4. phototherapy

outline the treatment for rosacea

1. topical metronidazole | 2. oral tetracycline

broken enzyme and build up in PCT

uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase | - uroporphyrins

broken enzyme and build up in EP

ferrocheletase | - protophyrins

broken enzyme and build up in AIP

PBG aminase | - uroporphyrins

treatment of hyperkalaemia

- calcium gluconate 10ml 10% - dextrose + insulin - salbutamol NEB 10-20mg - calcium resonium

indications for dialysis in AKI

creatinine >500, ph<7, encephalopathy

indications for dialysis in CKD

stage 4. below 30

treatment of pyelonephritis

IV amox + gent | step down to co-trimoxazole PO

Year 2 Flashcards

(111 cards)